원하는 규칙의 탭을 누르고 단어 카드를 클릭하여 원어민 소리를 들어보세요.
Ambiguous
모호한 / 두 가지 뜻으로 해석되는
The instructions given by the manager were somewhat ambiguous, leaving the team confused.
Anxious
불안해하는 / 염려하는
She was extremely anxious about the upcoming job interview.
Arrogant
오만한 / 거만한
His arrogant attitude made it hard for anyone to work with him.
Compassionate
동정하는 / 마음씨가 따뜻한
A compassionate doctor always listens carefully to patients.
Confident
자신감 있는 / 확신하는
He felt confident that he would pass the exam.
Considerate
사려 깊은 / 배려하는
It was very considerate of you to help me with heavy boxes.
Desperate
자포자기한 / 필사적인 / 절박한
They were in desperate need of water after getting lost in the desert.
Determined
단단히 결심한 / 단호한
She is determined to achieve her goal no matter what.
Eager
열렬한 / 간절히 바라는
The kids were eager to open their birthday presents.
Eccentric
별난 / 엉뚱한
The old artist was famous for his eccentric lifestyle.
Enthusiastic
열광적인 / 열정적인
The audience was enthusiastic about the wonderful musical performance.
Envious
부러워하는 / 시기하는
I was a bit envious of his brand-new sports car.
Frustrated
좌절한 / 불만스러워하는
He felt frustrated when his computer crashed right before saving.
Generous
관대한 / 인심 좋은
It was generous of him to donate a large sum to charity.
Gloomy
우울한 / 침울한
The rainy weather always makes me feel a bit gloomy.
Grateful
고마워하는 / 감사하는
We are deeply grateful for your kind assistance.
Guilty
죄책감이 드는 / 유죄의
He felt guilty about forgetting his mother's birthday.
Hostile
적대적인
The stray dog gave me a hostile look when I approached.
Humble
겸손한
Despite his great success, he remains remarkably humble.
Impulsive
충동적인
Try not to make impulsive decisions when you are angry.
Indifferent
무관심한 / 냉담한
Parents should not remain indifferent to their children's education.
Insecure
불안정한 / 자신이 없는
Public speaking often makes her feel insecure and nervous.
Jealous
질투하는 / 시샘하는
Little children often feel jealous when a new baby is born.
Melancholy
우울함 / 구슬픈
A melancholy tune played softly in the background.
Miserable
비참한 / 불행한
Staying indoors all day during the storm made him feel miserable.
Modest
겸손한 / 수수한
She is very modest about her achievements in science.
Moody
기복이 심한 / 기분이 우울한
Teenagers can sometimes be moody without a specific reason.
Naive
순진한 / 세상어두운
It was naive of me to believe all his false promises.
Nervous
불안해하는 / 초조한
He gets nervous before every performance.
Optimistic
낙관적인 / 긍정적인
We must remain optimistic despite these temporary difficulties.
Passionate
열정적인
She is deeply passionate about environmental protection.
Pessimistic
비관적인 / 부정적인
Do not be too pessimistic about the future of the economy.
Proud
자랑스러워하는 / 거만한
Parents are always proud of their children's success.
Relieved
안도하는 / 다행으로 여기는
She felt relieved when she found her lost passport.
Reluctant
마 내키지 않는 / 꺼리는
He was reluctant to admit his own mistake.
Resentful
분개하는 / 억울해하는
She felt resentful about being treated unfairly at work.
Sceptical
회의적인 / 의심 많은
Experts remain sceptical about the effectiveness of the new drug.
Sensitive
세심한 / 민감한
My skin is very sensitive to direct sunlight.
Sincere
진실된 / 진심 어린
Please accept my sincere apologies for the delay.
Stubborn
고집 센 / 완고한
He is too stubborn to change his mind once he decides.
Sympathetic
동정하는 / 공감하는
Friends were very sympathetic when she went through hard times.
Tense
긴장한 / 신경이 날카로운
The atmosphere in the meeting room was extremely tense.
Thoughtful
사려 깊은 / 생각에 잠긴
Thank you for your thoughtful gift; I love it.
Timid
소심한 / 겁이 많은
The timid puppy hid behind its mother.
Vulnerable
취약한 / 상처받기 쉬운
Young children are emotionally vulnerable to stress.
Aggressive
공격적인 / 적극적인
The company adopted an aggressive marketing strategy.
Amiable
상냥한 / 다정한
She has an amiable personality that attracts many friends.
Apathetic
무관심한 / 냉냉한
Voters seem apathetic about the upcoming election.
Apprehensive
걱정하는 / 염려하는
He was apprehensive about flying in bad weather.
Audacious
대담한 / 뻔뻔스러운
The thief made an audacious attempt to rob the museum.
Benevolent
자애로운 / 친절한
The local community thanked the benevolent donor.
Callous
냉담한 / 무정한
His callous remarks hurt her feelings deeply.
Candid
솔직한
I appreciate your candid feedback on my project.
Cautious
조심스러운 / 신중한
Be cautious when you share personal information online.
Complacent
현실에 안주하는 / 자기만족하는
We must not become complacent despite our recent success.
Conscientious
양심적인 / 성실한
She is a conscientious worker who never misses details.
Contemptuous
경멸하는 / 업신여기는
He gave her a contemptuous smile.
Cynical
냉소적인 / 비꼬는
He became cynical about politics after many scandals.
Dejected
낙담한 / 풀죽은
The soccer team looked dejected after losing the final match.
Delighted
아주 기뻐하는 / 즐거워하는
We were delighted to hear the good news.
Diligent
부지런한 / 근면한
Diligent students are likely to get good grades.
Ecstatic
황홀해하는 / 열광하는
She was ecstatic when she won the first prize.
Egotistic
이기적인 / 자만심 강한
Nobody likes to hang out with an egotistic person.
Empathetic
공감 능력 있는
An empathetic listener makes others feel safe and understood.
Enthusiastic
열정적인
The young volunteers were extremely enthusiastic.
Exhausted
기진맥진한 / 지친
He felt totally exhausted after running a marathon.
Fierce
사나운 / 맹렬한
There was fierce competition for the scholarship.
Foolish
어리석은
It was foolish of him to quit his job without a plan.
Furious
격노한 / 몹시 화난
The boss was furious when the report was delayed.
Gullible
잘 속는 / 귀가 얇은
Don't be so gullible as to believe every online scam.
Impatient
성급한 / 참을성 없는
Children grow impatient when waiting in a long line.
Impulsive
충동적인
She regretted her impulsive online shopping spree.
Inquisitive
호기심이 강한 / 캐묻기 좋아하는
Children are naturally inquisitive about the world around them.
Irritated
짜증이 난 / 거슬리는
He got irritated by the constant noise outside.
Jovial
쾌활한 / 명랑한
He is known for his jovial disposition at parties.
Judgemental
비판적인 / 단정 짓기 좋아하는
Try to be supportive rather than judgemental.
Kind-hearted
마음씨가 고운 / 친절한
She is a kind-hearted person who helps stray animals.
Lethargic
무기력한 / 기운 없는
The hot summer weather made everyone feel lethargic.
Meticulous
꼼꼼한 / 세심한
An accountant must be meticulous with numbers.
Melancholy
우울감 / 구슬픈
A sense of melancholy washed over him as autumn began.
Nostalgic
향수에 젖은 / 그리워하는
Looking at old photos made her feel nostalgic.
Objective
객관적인
It is hard to remain objective when your family is involved.
Obstinate
완고한 / 고집 센
Despite the evidence, he remained obstinate.
Overjoyed
매우 기뻐하는 / 뛸 듯이 기쁜
They were overjoyed to win the championship.
Paranoid
피해망상적인 / 지나치게 의심하는
He became paranoid that everyone was talking behind his back.
Passionate
열정적인
She delivered a passionate speech about human rights.
Patient
참을성 있는 / 인내심 있는
Teachers need to be patient with slow learners.
Pensive
수심에 잠긴 / 깊은 생각에 잠긴
She sat by the window in a pensive mood.
Perplexed
당혹스러운 / 어리둥절한
He looked perplexed by the complicated puzzle.
Pessimistic
비관적인
Try not to have a pessimistic view of life.
Quirky
기발한 / 엉뚱한 매력이 있는
She has a quirky sense of humor that makes everyone laugh.
Rational
이성적인 / 합리적인
We need to make a rational choice instead of acting on emotion.
Reassuring
안심시키는 / 용기를 주는
His reassuring words made her feel much better.
Remorseful
후회하는 / 양심의 가책을 느끼는
The criminal appeared remorseful during the trial.
Resilient
회복력 있는 / 끈기 있는
Children are often remarkably resilient after setbacks.
Rigid
융통성 없는 / 엄격한
A rigid schedule leaves no room for unexpected events.
Sanguine
낙천적인 / 자신감 넘치는
He remains sanguine about the company's future profits.
Scared
겁먹은 / 무서워하는
The little boy was scared of the dark.
Selfish
이기적인
It was selfish of him to keep all the snacks to himself.
Sensitive
민감한 / 감수성 풍부한
Artists tend to be emotionally sensitive.
Serene
잔잔한 / 평온한
She looked completely serene and peaceful while meditating.
Sincere
진실된 / 성실한
We appreciated his sincere efforts to solve the problem.
Sociable
사교적인
Puppies are usually very sociable and playful.
Sorrowful
슬픈 / 비통한
A sorrowful song was sung at the memorial service.
Spontaneous
자발적인 / 즉흥적인
They took a spontaneous trip to the beach over the weekend.
Suspicious
수상쩍어하는 / 의심스러운
The dog acted suspicious around the strange package.
Affectionate
애정 어린 / 다정한
The cat was very affectionate, rubbing against my legs.
Agitated
동요된 / 불안해하는
He became visibly agitated when his flight was cancelled.
Alarmed
불안해하는 / 겁먹은
Residents were alarmed by the sudden loud explosion.
Altruistic
이타적인
Her altruistic choice to donate her savings inspired many.
Ambitious
야심 있는 / 야망 있는
She has ambitious plans to expand her business globally.
Amused
재미있어 하는 / 즐거워하는
The children looked amused by the funny magic trick.
Antagonistic
적대적인 / 대립하는
The two politicians held an antagonistic debate on TV.
Apathetic
무감각한 / 냉담한
It is sad to see people remain apathetic to social injustices.
Appalled
경악한 / 끔찍해하는
We were appalled by the terrible conditions of the shelter.
Appreciative
감사하는 / 고마워하는
She was deeply appreciative of the support she received.
Assertive
자기 주장이 강한 / 적극적인
You need to be more assertive during negotiations.
Astonished
깜짝 놀란
I was astonished by her incredible talent for painting.
Astute
약삭빠른 / 영민한
He made an astute observation about market trends.
Bashful
수줍어하는 / 부끄러워하는
The bashful boy hid behind his mother when spoken to.
Bewildered
어리둥절한 / 당혹스러운
Tourists often feel bewildered in a huge foreign city.
Bittersweet
씁쓸하면서도 달콤한 / 만감이 교차하는
Graduating high school is always a bittersweet moment.
Blunt
직설적인 / 무뚝뚝한
His blunt comments sometimes hurt people's feelings.
Boastful
자랑하는 / 허풍 떠는
Nobody likes a boastful person who always talks about wealth.
Bored
지루해하는 / 심심한
The lecture was so long that students grew bored.
Brave
용감한
The firefighter made a brave rescue in the burning building.
Brilliant
명랑한 / 영리한 / 훌륭한
She came up with a brilliant solution to the problem.
Brooding
생각에 잠긴 / 우울하게 고민하는
He spent the whole afternoon brooding over past mistakes.
Calm
차분한 / 침착한
Try to stay calm even in an emergency situation.
Capable
유능한 / 역량 있는
She is a highly capable manager who handles crises well.
Carefree
근심 걱정 없는 / 홀가분한
I miss the carefree days of my childhood.
Careless
부주의한 / 경솔한
A careless mistake led to a major system failure.
Charismatic
카리스마 있는 / 매력적인
The leader gave a charismatic speech that moved everyone.
Cheerful
발랄한 / 유쾌한
Her cheerful disposition brightened up the whole office.
Childish
유치한 / 어린아이 같은
Stop acting so childish and start taking responsibility.
Chronic
만성적인 / 상습적인 (성격/상태)
He is a chronic worrier who stresses over everything.
Cold-blooded
냉혈한의 / 잔인한
The detective tracked down the cold-blooded criminal.
Comforted
위로를 받은 / 편안해진
She felt comforted after hearing her friend's warm advice.
Composed
침착한 / 차분한
Despite the heavy criticism, she remained perfectly composed.
Concerned
걱정하는 / 염려하는
Parents are deeply concerned about youth safety online.
Confused
혼란스러워하는
I got completely confused by the complicated directions.
Conceited
자만하는 / 콧대 높은
His conceited behavior makes people avoid him.
Courageous
용기 있는 / 대담한
It was courageous of her to speak out against injustice.
Cowardly
비겁한 / 겁쟁이 같은
Running away from your responsibilities is a cowardly act.
Creative
창의적인
Designers need to be creative to catch public attention.
Critical
비판적인 / 중요한
She has a critical eye for detail in art pieces.
Cruel
잔인한 / 가혹한
It is cruel to treat animals with neglect.
Curious
호기심 많은
Curious minds always want to explore how things work.
Daring
대담한 / 위험을 무릅쓰는
The stuntman performed a daring jump from the roof.
Defensive
방어적인
He instantly became defensive when I pointed out his flaw.
Defiant
반항하는 / 도전적인
The teenager gave a defiant response to his teacher.
Depressed
우울한 / 의기소침한
Many people feel depressed during the dark winter months.
Despair
절망 / 자포자기
She felt a deep sense of despair when she lost her job.
Determined
투지 넘치는 / 굳게 결심한
He was determined to win the gold medal this time.
Devoted
헌신적인 / 몰두하는
She is a devoted mother who sacrifices everything for her kids.
Disappointed
실망한
Fans were deeply disappointed by the team's poor performance.
Disgusted
역겨워하는 / 넌더리 나는
He looked disgusted at the foul smell coming from the trash.
Disillusioned
환멸을 느낀 / 환상이 깨진
Many young voters grew disillusioned with corrupt politicians.
Distant
냉담한 / 쌀쌀맞은
She has been acting rather distant and cold lately.
Distressed
고통스러워하는 / 괴로워하는
The lost child was crying and looked deeply distressed.
Dominant
지배적인 / 우세한
He tends to have a dominant personality in group discussions.
Doubtful
의심스러운 / 미심쩍어하는
I remain doubtful whether his promise will be kept.
Dull
단조로운 / 둔감한 / 지루한
He found the routine office work extremely dull.
Dynamic
역동적인 / 활기찬
A dynamic leader inspires workers to try new ideas.
Earnest
진지한 / 성실한
Her earnest efforts finally paid off in the end.
Easygoing
마음이 편한 / 성격이 원만한
My boss is very easygoing and fun to work with.
Ecstatic
황홀해하는 / 뛸 듯이 기뻐하는
The team was ecstatic after securing the championship trophy.
Edgy
초조한 / 신경이 날카로운
She has been a bit edgy all day due to lack of sleep.
Effervescent
활기찬 / 생기 넘치는
The young host had an effervescent personality.
Elated
의기양양한 / 대단히 기뻐하는
He was elated when he received the acceptance letter.
Embarrassed
당황스러운 / 쑥스러운
I felt embarrassed when I dropped my tray in the cafeteria.
Empathetic
공감하는 / 감정이입을 잘하는
Good counselors need to be deeply empathetic.
Energetic
활기찬 / 정력적인
Children are usually very energetic in the morning.
Enraged
격분한 / 몹시 화난
Citizens were enraged by the corrupt policy.
Enthusiastic
열광적인 / 열성적인
We received an enthusiastic response from the community.
Envious
부러워하는 / 시기하는
Try not to be envious of other people's achievements.
Erratic
불규칙한 / 변덕스러운
His erratic behavior worried his family members.
Exasperated
격분한 / 몹시 짜증 난
She grew exasperated with his endless complaints.
Excited
신난 / 흥분한
The children were too excited to fall asleep.
Exhilarated
아주 신 나는 / 들뜬
They felt exhilarated after completing the roller coaster ride.
Fascinated
매료된 / 푹 빠진
He was fascinated by the ancient history museum.
Fearful
두려워하는 / 무서워하는
She was fearful of making mistakes in front of crowds.
Feisty
혈기 넘치는 / 당찬
Despite her small size, she has a feisty personality.
Fickle
변덕스러운 / 마음이 자주 바뀌는
Consumer tastes in fashion can be extremely fickle.
Fierce
맹렬한 / 호전적인
A fierce determination helped her overcome the hurdle.
Flustered
당황한 / 혼란스러운
He got flustered when asked an unexpected question.
Fond
애정 어린 / 다정한
I have fond memories of my school days.
Forlorn
쓸쓸한 / 버림받은 듯한
The stray cat looked forlorn in the rain.
Formidable
가공할 만한 / 만만치 않은
She proved to be a formidable opponent in the debate.
Fortitude
불굴의 용기 / 강인함
She showed great mental fortitude during her illness.
Frightened
겁먹은 / 놀란
The frightened deer ran back into the deep woods.
Frustrated
좌절한 / 답답해하는
He felt frustrated with the slow internet connection.
Furious
화가 단단히 난 / 격분한
She was furious when she found out her car was scratched.
Generous
후한 / 아낌없이 주는
Thank you for your generous contribution to our cause.
Gentle
온화한 / 다정한
He has a gentle voice that makes babies fall asleep.
Giddy
들뜬 / 어지러운
She felt a giddy excitement on her wedding day.
Gloomy
우울한 / 침울한
The bad news cast a gloomy shadow over the room.
Glum
시무룩한 / 뚱한
He sat in the corner looking glum after losing the match.
Gracious
정중한 / 상냥한 / 자비로운
The host was very gracious to all the guests.
Grateful
고마워하는 / 감사하는
I am endlessly grateful for your timely help.
Grieving
비통해하는 / 슬퍼하는
Friends gathered to support the grieving family.
Grumpy
성질이 고약한 / 투덜거리는
He tends to be grumpy before having his morning coffee.
Guilty
죄책감이 드는 / 부끄러운
She felt guilty for eating the last piece of cake.
Gullible
잘 속는 / 남의 말을 곧이곧대로 믿는
Don't be so gullible to believe every internet rumor.
Happy
행복한 / 기쁜
They looked truly happy sharing a meal together.
Haughty
오만한 / 거만한
She gave a haughty look to the waiter who made a minor mistake.
Haunted
시달리는 / 불안해하는
He looked haunted by the traumatic memories of the accident.
Heartbroken
비통해하는 / 상심한
She was heartbroken when her beloved pet dog passed away.
Hesitant
망설이는 / 주저하는
He was hesitant to accept the challenging job offer.
High-spirited
활기찬 / 기운이 넘치는
The high-spirited children ran around the playground.
Hopeful
희망에 찬 / 기대하는
We remain hopeful about finding a solution soon.
Hopeless
절망적인 / 가망 없는
He felt hopeless after failing the exam for the third time.
Horrified
진저리 치는 / 끔찍해하는
She was horrified by the brutal violence in the movie.
Hostile
적대적인 / 반대하는
The locals showed a hostile attitude toward foreign visitors.
Humble
겸손한 / 초라한
Despite his immense wealth, he remains wonderfully humble.
Humiliated
굴욕감을 느낀 / 창피당한
He felt humiliated when his mistake was exposed publicly.
Hysterical
히스테릭한 / 발작적인
She became hysterical upon hearing the shocking news.
Idealistic
이상주의적인
Young people are often more idealistic than older generations.
Idle
게으른 / 나태한
He spent his vacation being idle instead of studying.
Ignorant
무지한 / 무식한
It is dangerous to remain ignorant of basic legal rights.
Imaginative
상상력이 풍부한
Children are usually imaginative and love fantasy stories.
Imitative
모방하는 / 흉내 내는
Toddlers have an imitative nature, copying what parents do.
Impatient
참을성 없는 / 조급한
Drivers grew impatient during the massive traffic jam.
Impertinent
버릇없는 / 무례한
The student was scolded for making an impertinent remark.
Impulsive
충동적인
Try to avoid making impulsive purchases on the internet.
Inattentive
주의를 기울이지 않는 / 부주의한
The teacher scolded inattentive students in the back row.
Incapable
~할 무능한 / 역량이 안 되는
He proved incapable of handling the high-pressure project.
Inconsiderate
사려 깊지 못한 / 배려 없는
It was inconsiderate of him to play loud music at night.
Indecisive
우유부단한 / 결단력 없는
Being too indecisive can cause you to miss good opportunities.
Indignant
분개한 / 화가 난
She was indignant at the unfair criticism from her boss.
Industrious
근면한 / 부지런한
Industrious employees are essential for a company's growth.
Inert
무기력한 / 활력 없는
The long winter made him feel completely inert.
Insecure
불안한 / 자신 없는
He felt insecure about his presentation skills.
Insensitive
무감각한 / 눈치 없는 / 둔감한
It was insensitive of him to make fun of her weight.
Insolent
건방진 / 버릇없는
The boss fired the worker for his insolent behavior.
Inspired
고무된 / 영감을 받은
The students felt inspired by the scientist's lecture.
Intelligent
영리한 / 총명한
Dolphins are known to be highly intelligent marine animals.
Intense
강렬한 / 열정적인
She has an intense desire to succeed in music.
Interested
흥미를 느끼는 / 관심을 가지는
Are you interested in joining our book club?
Intimidated
겁을 먹은 / 위축된
She felt intimidated by the strict interviewers.
Introspective
자기 성찰적인
He wrote an introspective essay about his past failures.
Irascible
화 잘 내는 / 성미가 급한
His irascible temper made people keep their distance.
Irritated
짜증이 난 / 거슬려하는
She got irritated when her phone kept freezing.
Jovial
명랑한 / 쾌활한
The family dinner was filled with jovial laughter.
Joyful
기쁨에 넘치는 / 즐거운
It was a joyful reunion for the long-separated friends.
Jubilant
의기양양한 / 환희에 찬
The crowd was jubilant after the home team scored the winning goal.
Judicious
현명한 / 신중한
It requires judicious planning to run a successful business.
Keen
간절히 바라는 / 열정적인 / 예리한
She is keen to learn more about photography.
Kind
친절한 / 다정한
It was very kind of you to lend me your umbrella.
Lachrymose
눈물이 많은 / 구슬픈
She watched a lachrymose movie and cried for hours.
Lazy
게으른 / 나태한
He is too lazy to do his homework on time.
Lazy-minded
생각하기 싫어하는 / 게으른 사고방식의
A lazy-minded person relies only on rumors.
Lethargic
기운 없는 / 무기력한
The humid weather made everyone feel sluggish and lethargic.
Level-headed
침착한 / 분별 있는
A level-headed leader is essential during a crisis.
Listless
기운 없는 / 무관심한
The sick child lay on the bed, looking listless.
Lonely
외로운 / 쓸쓸한
Moving to a new city can make you feel quite lonely.
Gloomy
우울한 / 침울한
He had a gloomy look on his face all morning.
Loquacious
수다스러운 / 말이 많은
The loquacious guide kept telling stories during the bus ride.
Loving
사랑이 넘치는 / 애정 어린
She grew up in a warm and loving family.
Loyal
충실한 / 충성스러운
Dogs are known for being fiercely loyal to their owners.
Mad
화난 / 미친
Don't be mad at me; it was just a small mistake.
Magnanimous
도량 넓은 / 관대한
He was magnanimous in victory and praised his rivals.
Malicious
악의적인 / 심술궂은
The hacker launched a malicious attack on the network.
Maudlin
눈물 흘리는 / 감상적인
He became a bit maudlin after having a few drinks.
Meager
빈약한 / 불충분한
He survived on a meager salary.
Meek
온순한 / 유순한
She accepted the criticism with a meek attitude.
Melancholic
우울한 / 구슬픈
The autumn leaves always evoke a melancholic feeling.
Merciful
자비로운 / 인자한
The king was merciful and pardoned the rebel.
Merry
명랑한 / 즐거운
They spent a merry Christmas with all their relatives.
Meticulous
꼼꼼한 / 세심한
He is meticulous about keeping his records clean.
Miserable
비참한 / 불행한
The freezing rain made the journey miserable.
Miserly
인색한 / 구두쇠 같은
His miserly habits prevented him from enjoying life.
Mistrustful
의심 많은 / 잘 믿지 않는
He grew mistrustful of strangers after being cheated.
Mocking
놀리는 / 조롱하는
I didn't like his mocking tone of voice.
Modest
겸손한 / 수수한
She made a modest donation to the community center.
Moody
기분이 오락가락하는 / 우울한
He can be moody sometimes, so give him some space.
Morose
시무룩한 / 침울한
He sat by himself, looking morose and unapproachable.
Mournful
애처로운 / 슬픔에 잠긴
A mournful cry echoed through the empty hall.
Muddled
혼란스러운 / 헝클어진
My thoughts were muddled after waking up from a deep sleep.
Mystified
얼떨떨한 / 어리둥절해하는
The audience was mystified by the illusionist's trick.
Naive
순진한 / 세상모르는
It is naive to think that everyone will tell you the truth.
Narcissistic
나르시시즘적인 / 자기도취적인
His narcissistic behavior became unbearable for his colleagues.
Nasty
심술궂은 / 불쾌한
She made a nasty remark about his appearance.
Naughty
장난꾸러기의 / 버릇없는
The naughty boy drew pictures on the wallpaper.
Nauseated
구역질 나는 / 속이 메스꺼운
The rough boat ride left her feeling nauseated.
Nebulous
모호한 / 흐릿한 (개념/심리)
He had only a nebulous idea of what he wanted to do.
Negligent
태만한 / 부주의한
The guard was negligent in his duty.
Nervous
초조한 / 불안해하는
She felt nervous before entering the examination room.
Neurotic
신경증적인 / 과민한
He is neurotic about keeping his desk perfectly clean.
Numb
감각이 없는 / 멍한
She stood there feeling completely numb with shock.
Nurturing
양육하는 / 보살피는 (성향)
She has a naturally nurturing personality.
Objective
객관적인
Judges must remain strictly objective.
Oblivious
의식하지 못하는 / 알아채지 못하는
He was oblivious to the danger surrounding him.
Obnoxious
불쾌한 / 몹시 싫은
His obnoxious behavior ruined the party for everyone.
Obsessive
강박적인 / 집착하는
He developed an obsessive fear of germs.
Obstinate
고집 센 / 완고한
The child was obstinate and refused to eat vegetables.
Odd
이상한 / 묘한
He acted in a very odd way this morning.
Offended
기분 상한 / 불쾌해하는
She felt offended by his rude joke.
Optimistic
낙관적인 / 긍정적인
Stay optimistic even when things get tough.
Ornate
화려하게 장식된 (내면/스타일)
His ornate writing style can be hard to read.
Outgoing
외향적인 / 사교적인
She has an outgoing personality and makes friends easily.
Outraged
격분한 / 몹시 화가 난
Public opinion was outraged by the scandal.
Overwhelmed
압도된 / 벅찬
She felt overwhelmed by the mountain of work.
Panicked
겁에 질린 / 패닉에 빠진
People became panicked when the fire alarm went off.
Paranoid
피해망상적인 / 과도하게 의심하는
Stop being paranoid; nobody is plotting against you.
Passionate
열정적인
He is a passionate advocate for wildlife conservation.
Patient
참을성 있는 / 인내심 있는
Be patient; success takes time.
Peaceful
평온한 / 평화로운
He spent a peaceful afternoon reading books in the park.
Pensive
수심에 찬 / 깊은 생각에 잠긴
She looked pensive as she gazed out the rainy window.
Absolute
절대적인 / 무조건적인
Philosophers often debate whether there is an absolute truth in the universe.
Abstract
추상적인 / 관념적인
It is hard for young children to understand abstract concepts like justice.
Absurd
부조리한 / 터무니없는
Existentialism deals with the human search for meaning in an absurd world.
Aesthetic
미학의 / 미적인
The building was designed with a high focus on aesthetic value.
Agency
주체성 / 작용 / 힘
Human agency allows individuals to make independent choices.
Agnostic
불가지론의 / 신의 존재를 알 수 없다는
He describes himself as an agnostic regarding the existence of deities.
Altruism
이타주의 / 이타심
Evolutionary biologists study the roots of human altruism.
Analogy
비유 / 유추
He used an analogy of a clock to explain the universe.
Anarchy
무정부 상태 / 혼란
The sudden collapse of government led to social anarchy.
Antithesis
정반대 / 대조
Hatred is the exact antithesis of love.
Axiom
자명한 이치 / 공리
It is an old axiom that hard work brings success.
Category
범주 / 부류
Philosophers sort ideas into different logical categories.
Catharsis
카타르시스 / 감정의 정화
Watching tragic drama can provide emotional catharsis.
Causality
인과관계 / 인과성
Science seeks to understand the strict rules of causality.
Chaos
혼돈 / 무질서
Order often emerges from a state of complete chaos.
Cognition
인지 / 인식 작용
Language plays a vital role in human cognition.
Concept
개념 / 관념
The concept of time is interpreted differently across cultures.
Consciousness
의식 / 자각
The origin of human consciousness remains a great mystery.
Consensus
합의 / 의견 일치
It is difficult to reach a consensus on moral issues.
Contradiction
모순 / 반박
His statement contained a clear logical contradiction.
Cosmos
질서 정연한 우주 / 코스모스
Ancient thinkers viewed the cosmos as a harmonious system.
Criterion
기준 / 척도
What is the main criterion for truth in science?
Deduction
연역 / 추론
Logic relies heavily on deduction from general premises.
Determinism
결정론
Determinism argues that all events are ultimately determined by causes.
Dialectic
변증법 / 대화법
Hegel used dialectic reasoning to explain historical progress.
Dichotomy
이분법 / 양분
We should avoid a false dichotomy between reason and emotion.
Dogma
독단 / 교리
Critical thinking helps people question rigid dogma.
Dualism
이원론
Mind-body dualism separates the physical from the mental.
Dynamic
역동적인 / 원동력
Society is a dynamic network of human interactions.
Empiricism
경험론
Empiricism emphasizes knowledge derived from sensory experience.
Entity
실체 / 존재
Corporations are treated legally as separate entities.
Epistemology
인식론
Epistemology studies the nature and scope of knowledge.
Essence
본질 / 정수
Freedom is the very essence of human dignity.
Ethics
윤리학 / 도덕
Medical ethics guides doctors in difficult treatment decisions.
Evolve
진화하다 / 발달하다
Human moral systems continue to evolve over time.
Existence
존재 / 실존
Philosophers ponder the true meaning of human existence.
Fallacy
오류 / 그릇된 믿음
That argument is based on a logical fallacy.
Finite
유한한
We must accept that human resources on Earth are finite.
Free will
자유 의지
The debate over free will versus determinism is ancient.
Function
기능 / 작용
We must analyze the social function of art and religion.
Generalization
일반화
We should avoid making a hasty generalization from limited data.
Genesis
기원 / 발생
Scientists study the genesis of language in human evolution.
Gnosis
영지 / (초월적) 앎
Mystics seek spiritual gnosis through meditation.
Harmonize
조화를 이루다
Ethics and science should harmonize to benefit humanity.
Hierarchy
위계 질서 / 계급
Needs are often arranged in a psychological hierarchy.
Hypothesis
가설
A scientific theory starts as a testable hypothesis.
Idea
관념 / 생각 / 이데아
Plato believed that every physical thing reflects an eternal idea.
Identity
정체성 / 동일성
Personal identity changes as we grow and learn.
Ideology
이념 / 이데올로기
Political debates are often fueled by differing ideologies.
Illusion
환상 / 착각
Some philosophers argue that reality is merely an illusion.
Immanent
내재하는
Pantheism views the divine as immanent in nature.
Immutable
불변의
Are there immutable laws of human nature?
Implicit
암묵적인 / 내포된
There was an implicit agreement between the two thinkers.
Inference
추론 / 추정
We draw a logical inference from the given clues.
Infinite
무한한
Human imagination and curiosity seem infinite.
Innate
타고난 / 선천적인
Philosophers debate whether moral values are innate or learned.
Intellect
지성 / 지력
Human intellect allows us to decode complex patterns.
Intuition
직관 / 직감
Sometimes intuition leads us to truths faster than logic.
Inward
내적인 / 안쪽의
Meditation requires deep inward reflection.
Iracional
비이성적인 / 무리수의
Fear can sometimes drive people to irrational behavior.
Justice
정의 / 공정함
Plato wrote an entire book exploring the nature of justice.
Justification
정당화 / 근거
What is the moral justification for this action?
Kinship
친족 관계 / 연대감
Humanity shares a deep spiritual kinship.
Knowing
알고 있는 / 아는 듯한
Epistemology deals with the limits of human knowing.
Logic
논리 / 논리학
Aristotle laid the foundational rules of formal logic.
Materialism
유물론 / 물질주의
Materialism holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature.
Maxim
격언 / 처세훈
Kant's categorical imperative acts as a moral maxim.
Metaphor
은유 / 비유
Light is often used as a metaphor for knowledge.
Metaphysics
형이상학
Metaphysics questions the fundamental nature of reality.
Mind
마음 / 정신
The connection between brain and mind remains debated.
Monism
일원론
Monism suggests that everything derives from a single ultimate principle.
Morality
도덕성 / 도덕
Where does human morality originate from?
Mystery
신비 / 수수께끼
Science solves mysteries, but philosophy deepens them.
Myth
신화 / 근거 없는 통념
Ancient cultures used myths to explain the cosmos.
Nature
본성 / 자연
Philosophers have long discussed the true nature of humans.
Necessity
필연성 / 필수품
Logic deals with the realm of necessity and possibility.
Nihilism
허무주의
Nihilism rejects traditional values and moral principles.
Nominalism
명목론
Nominalism argues that universals are mere names.
Notion
개념 / 관념 / 생각
The notion of human rights evolved over centuries.
Objectivity
객관성
Absolute objectivity is a challenging ideal to achieve.
Observation
관찰
Empirical philosophy starts from careful observation.
Ontology
존재론
Ontology is the branch of philosophy studying being.
Order
질서 / 정돈
Reason seeks to impose order on chaotic thoughts.
Paradox
역설 / 패러독스
The statement "this statement is false" is a classic paradox.
Perception
지각 / 인식
Reality is shaped largely by human perception.
Phenomenon
현상
Consciousness is a complex psychological phenomenon.
Philosophy
철학
Philosophy encourages people to question assumptions.
Pluralism
다원주의
Cultural pluralism respects diverse beliefs and values.
Postulate
가정하다 / 상정하다
The theory postulates the existence of a basic rule.
Pragmatism
실용주의
Pragmatism evaluates theories based on practical application.
Premise
전제
Every logical argument builds upon an initial premise.
Principle
원리 / 원칙
He lives his life according to strict moral principles.
Probability
확률 / 개연성
Philosophy of science deals with probability and induction.
Qualia
감각 질 (주관적 감각 경험)
Qualia refers to the internal and subjective component of sense perceptions.
Rationality
합리성 / 이성적임
Human progress is often attributed to the rise of rationality.
Realism
실재론 / 현실주의
Philosophical realism asserts that objects exist independently of our minds.
Reason
이성 / 이유
Enlightenment thinkers prized human reason above tradition.
Relativism
상대주의
Moral relativism claims that truth depends on cultural context.
Scepticism
회의주의
Philosophical scepticism questions whether absolute knowledge is possible.
Sensation
감각 / 느낌
Sensory input turns into conscious thought through internal processing.
Significance
의의 / 중요성
He pondered the deep significance of human existence.
Solipsism
유아론 / 나 홀로 실재론
Solipsism is the philosophical idea that only one's own mind is sure to exist.
Sophistry
궤변 / 궤변론
His clever argument was dismissed as mere sophistry.
Soul
영혼 / 정신
Many ancient philosophies explore the immortality of the soul.
Space
공간 / 우주
Kant viewed space and time as innate structures of the human mind.
Species
종 / 종류
Humanity is a unique species capable of abstract philosophical thought.
Spirit
정신 / 영기
The Renaissance was marked by a new spirit of inquiry.
Spontaneity
자발성 / 자연스러움
Existential freedom highlights human spontaneity and choice.
Standard
기준 / 표준
We need an objective moral standard to judge fair behavior.
Static
정적인 / 고정된
Truth is not static; human understanding continues to change.
Subject
주체 / 주제 / 피험자
In philosophy, the "subject" is the conscious mind experiencing the world.
Subjectivity
주관성
Artistic beauty often relies heavily on human subjectivity.
Substance
물질 / 실체 / 본질
Ancient thinkers sought the fundamental substance of the cosmos.
Symbol
상징
Language is a complex system of symbols representing thoughts.
Symmetry
대칭 / 균형
Aesthetic pleasure often comes from visual symmetry and balance.
Synthesis
종합 / 종합체
Hegelian dialectic moves from thesis and antithesis to synthesis.
System
체계 / 시스템
Philosophers construct vast conceptual systems to explain reality.
Teleology
목적론
Aristotelian physics relied heavily on teleology, the study of purposes in nature.
Tempus
시간 (라틴어 어원 개념)
The fleeting nature of time has puzzled thinkers for ages.
Term
용어 / 조건 / 기간
We must define our philosophical terms clearly before debating.
Thesis
명제 / 학위 논문 / 정(正)
His main thesis is that language shapes our entire worldview.
Thought
사고 / 생각
Critical thought is the foundation of modern philosophy.
Time
시간
St. Augustine wondered deeply about the true nature of time.
Totality
전체성 / 총체
Metaphysics seeks to understand the totality of being.
Transcendence
초월 / 초월성
Many religions focus on spiritual transcendence above the physical world.
Truth
진리 / 진실
The pursuit of truth is the ultimate goal of epistemology.
Type
유형 / 종류
Thinkers sort abstract ideas into various distinct types.
Ultimacy
궁극성 / 최고성
Philosophy looks for the ultimacy behind all natural phenomena.
Unconscious
무의식
Psychoanalysis explores the hidden depths of the human unconscious.
Understand
이해하다 / 파악하다
Reason helps us understand complex moral dilemmas.
Uniformity
획일성 / 일치
Science assumes a basic uniformity of laws across the universe.
Unity
통합 / 통일성
Cosmology looks for a deep unity in the laws of physics.
Universal
보편적인 / 보편 개념
Philosophers debate whether justice is a universal value.
Utility
효용 / 공리
Utilitarianism measures moral worth based on social utility.
Validity
타당성
Logicians check the formal validity of deductive arguments.
Value
가치
Ethics examines the nature of human value and morality.
Variable
변수 / 변하기 쉬운
Human emotion is a complex variable in psychological studies.
Veracity
진실성 / 정확성
The philosopher questioned the veracity of the historical source.
Verification
검증 / 실증
Logical positivism insists on strict empirical verification.
Virtue
미덕 / 덕목
Aristotle argued that happiness is achieved through moral virtue.
Vitality
활력 / 생명력
Philosophers of life emphasize the creative vitality of nature.
Void
공허 / 빈 공간
Existentialism often confronts the terrifying void of meaninglessness.
Volition
의지 / 결단력
Human actions are often guided by conscious volition.
Whole
전체 / 온전한
Holism states that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Will
의지
Schopenhauer viewed the fundamental force of the universe as a blind will.
Wisdom
지혜
The word "philosophy" literally translates to the love of wisdom.
Worldview
세계관
Every culture shapes a unique philosophical worldview.
Absolution
면죄 / 용서
Ethical frameworks often deal with moral absolution and guilt.
Abstraction
추상 / 추상화
Mathematics relies heavily on pure mental abstraction.
Absurdity
부조리함 / 터무니없음
Camus explored the inherent absurdity of human existence.
Actuality
실재성 / 현실성
Aristotle distinguished between potentiality and actuality.
Ambiguity
모호성 / 애매함
Philosophical texts often contain deep linguistic ambiguity.
Animism
물활론 / 애니미즘
Early human thought was heavily influenced by animism.
Antinomy
이율배반 / 모법칙성
Kant presented famous antinomies regarding space and time.
Arbitrary
임의적인 / 제멋대로의
Saussure argued that the link between words and things is arbitrary.
Archetype
원형 / 전형
Jung discussed universal archetypes in the collective unconscious.
Asceticism
금욕주의
Religious asceticism involves strict self-discipline and denial.
Autonomy
자율성 / 자치
Moral philosophy places a high value on personal autonomy.
Axiology
가치론
Axiology is the philosophical study of value, ethics, and aesthetics.
Behaviorism
행동주의
Behaviorism focuses on observable actions rather than inner mental states.
Cogito
코기토 / 사유 (나는 생각한다)
Descartes built his philosophy upon the famous "Cogito, ergo sum".
Coherence
일관성 / 응집력
The coherence theory of truth judges statements by how well they fit together.
Collectivism
집단주의
Collectivism prioritizes community goals over individual desires.
Communal
공동의 / 사회적인
Morality often serves a vital communal function in society.
Compatibilism
양립론
Compatibilism argues that free will and determinism can coexist.
Complexity
복잡성
Systems philosophy deals with the inherent complexity of nature.
Conceptuality
개념성
Human thought relies heavily on complex conceptuality.
Consequentialism
결과주의
Consequentialism judges actions solely by their outcomes.
Constructivism
구성주의
Social constructivism states that reality is socially shaped.
Contingency
우연성 / 불확실성
Existentialists emphasize the basic contingency of human life.
Cosmology
우주론
Cosmology studies the origin and large-scale structure of the cosmos.
Deconstruction
해체(주의)
Derrida introduced deconstruction to question fixed binary meanings.
Deontology
의무론
Kant's ethics is a prime example of deontology.
Dialectical
변증법적인
Marx applied a dialectical approach to economic history.
Dichotomous
이분법적인
We should move past dichotomous thinking in philosophy.
Dualistic
이원론적인
Cartesian philosophy holds a strictly dualistic view of the mind.
Egalitarianism
평등주의
Modern political philosophy heavily embraces egalitarianism.
Emanation
유출 / 발산
Neoplatonism explains the universe as an emanation from the One.
Empathy
공감
Moral philosophy often examines the role of empathy in ethics.
Empirical
경험적인 / 실증적인
Scientific theories must be tested against empirical evidence.
Enlightenment
계몽 / 깨달음
The Enlightenment emphasized human reason over blind faith.
Epistemic
인식의 / 인식론적인
We face serious epistemic limits when studying the cosmos.
Eschatology
종말론
Religious philosophy often includes an eschatology of history.
Eternal
영원한
Plato believed that abstract ideals are eternal and unchanging.
Ethical
윤리적인
We face complex ethical choices in modern technology.
Euclid
유클리드 (기하학 체계의 상징)
Euclidean geometry formed the basis of spatial logic for centuries.
Eudaimonia
유다이모니아 (최고의 행복 / 번영)
Aristotle argued that the ultimate human goal is eudaimonia.
Evolutionary
진화론적인
Evolutionary ethics looks at morality through the lens of biology.
Existential
실존적인
He experienced an existential crisis regarding his life purpose.
Existentialism
실존주의
Sartre is a prominent figure of 20th-century existentialism.
Falibilism
오류주의
Scientific fallibilism accepts that our theories can always be wrong.
Fatalism
숙명론
Fatalism asserts that human actions have no power to alter outcomes.
Formalism
형식주의
Mathematical formalism treats rules without relying on actual meanings.
Foundationalism
기초주의
Foundationalism seeks an indubitable base for all knowledge.
Functionalism
기능주의
Philosophers of mind use functionalism to explain mental states.
Hermeneutics
해석학
Hermeneutics is the art and science of text interpretation.
Heuristic
휴리스틱 / 어림짐작의 방법
We often use mental heuristics to make quick decisions.
Holism
전체론
Ecological holism views nature as an interconnected single system.
Humanism
인본주의 / 휴머니즘
Renaissance humanism placed human potential at the center of thought.
Hypothetical
가설의 / 가상의
Kant contrasted the categorical imperative with a hypothetical one.
Idealism
관념론 / 이상주의
Philosophical idealism argues that reality is fundamentally mental.
Illuminism
조명설 / 계시주의
Medieval philosophy sometimes turned to illuminism for divine truth.
Indeterminism
비결정론 / 확률론
Quantum physics introduced indeterminism into the physical sciences.
Individualism
개인주의
Western philosophy often defends extreme moral individualism.
Induction
귀납 / 귀납법
Science relies heavily on induction from repeated observations.
Intersubjectivity
상호주관성
Objective truth is often validated through human intersubjectivity.
Intuitionism
직관주의
Ethical intuitionism claims we directly perceive moral truths.
Irrationalism
비합리주의
Nietzschean philosophy challenged traditional rationalism with irrationalism.
Logocentrism
로고스 중심주의
Modern thinkers often critique traditional Western logocentrism.
Manicheism
마니교적 이원론 (선악 대립)
He rejected the strict Manicheism of absolute good and evil.
Mechanicism
기계론
Modern physics moved away from strict 17th-century mechanicism.
Metaethics
메타윤리학
Metaethics investigates the nature of moral statements and language.
Metapsychology
초심리학 / 심리형이상학
Freud used metapsychology to explain the deep structures of the mind.
Methodology
방법론
Every scientific research requires a rigorous testing methodology.
Microcosm
소우주
Ancient thinkers viewed the human individual as a microcosm of the universe.
Mimeis
모방 / 미메시스
Artistic creation was long defined in terms of mimesis and imitation.
Modernity
근대성 / 현대성
Sociology and philosophy frequently debate the core traits of modernity.
Monad
단자 / 홀로 있는 실체
Leibniz proposed that the universe is made up of independent monads.
Monism
일원론
Spinoza is famous for his philosophical substance monism.
Mysticism
신비주의
Eastern mysticism often seeks a direct union with the ultimate reality.
Mythology
신화학 / 신화 체계
Greek mythology provides rich metaphors for human psychological traits.
Naturalism
자연주의
Philosophical naturalism rejects supernatural explanations for events.
Neo-Kantianism
신칸트주의
Early 20th-century epistemology was heavily shaped by neo-Kantianism.
Neo-Platonism
신플라톤주의
Plotinus developed the mystical philosophy known as neo-Platonism.
Nominalism
명목론
Nominalism claims that general concepts are only human-made names.
Non-dualism
비이원론 / 불이론
Advaita Vedanta teaches the deep truth of non-dualism.
Normative
규범적인
Ethics is a normative science that studies what ought to be done.
Objectivism
객관주의
Ayn Rand developed a philosophical system known as objectivism.
Ontological
존재론적인
The ontological argument attempts to prove God exists through pure logic.
Operationalism
조작주의
Operationalism defines scientific concepts by the measurement procedures used.
Organicism
유기체론
Process philosophy leans heavily toward organicism.
Panentheism
만유내재신론
Panentheism holds that the divine pervades every part of the universe.
Pantheism
범신론
Einstein’s view of nature is often compared to Spinoza’s pantheism.
Paradigm
패러다임 / 전형적 틀
Thomas Kuhn studied how scientific revolutions change the reigning paradigm.
Particularism
특수주의
Moral particularism argues that context matters more than universal rules.
Perfectionism
완전주의 / 완벽주의
Ethical perfectionism encourages continuous self-improvement.
Personalism
인격주의
Christian personalism places supreme worth on human persons.
Perspectivism
원근법적 인식론 / 관점주의
Nietzsche introduced perspectivism, claiming all truths depend on viewpoints.
Phenomenology
현상학
Husserl founded phenomenology to study structures of conscious experience.
Platonism
플라톤주의
Mathematical Platonism claims that abstract numbers truly exist.
Positivism
실증주의
Logical positivism values statements only if they can be empirically verified.
Potentiality
가능태 / 잠재력
Aristotle saw development as moving from potentiality to actuality.
Pragmatic
실용적인
American pragmatism evaluates ideas based on their practical consequences.
Prescriptivism
처방주의
Moral prescriptivism states that ethical statements give commands.
Probabilism
개연주의 / 확률론적 인식론
Epistemic probabilism accepts that we rarely have absolute certainty.
Process
과정 / 진행
Whitehead’s process philosophy views reality as continuous change.
Psychoanalysis
정신분석학
Freud founded psychoanalysis to uncover hidden mental conflicts.
Puritanism
청교도주의
Early American culture was heavily influenced by strict Puritanism.
Pythagoreanism
피타고라스학파 사상
Pythagoreanism viewed mathematics as the fundamental key to reality.
Qualitative
질적인
Philosophy of mind addresses the qualitative nature of human experience.
Quantitative
양적인
Science often reduces physical nature to quantitative measurements.
Rationalism
합리론 / 이성주의
Continental rationalism emphasizes deductive reasoning from innate ideas.
Reductionism
환원주의
Biological reductionism tries to explain life solely through chemistry.
Relationalism
관계론
Modern physics and philosophy lean toward a deep relationalism.
Relativist
상대주의자
A moral relativist claims that right and wrong depend on culture.
Renaissance
르네상스 / 문예 부흥
The European Renaissance revived classical Greek and Roman philosophy.
Representationalism
표상주의
Epistemological representationalism suggests we only perceive mental copies of things.
Romanticism
낭만주의
Romanticism reacted against the cold rationalism of the Enlightenment.
Scholasticism
스콜라 철학
Medieval scholasticism sought to harmonize faith with Aristotelian logic.
Scientism
과학주의
Critics argue that strict scientism dismisses human values and art.
Secularism
세속주의 / 탈종교화
Modern political institutions are built upon principles of secularism.
Semantic
의미론적인
Philosophy of language often deals with complex semantic puzzles.
Sensationalism
감각주의
Empiricist sensationalism claims all knowledge stems directly from senses.
Skepticism
회의주의
Pyrrhonian skepticism questions the very possibility of absolute certainty.
Socialism
사회주의
Political philosophy explores the social justice theories behind socialism.
Sociobiology
사회생물학
Sociobiology attempts to explain human social behavior through evolution.
Solipsistic
유아론적인
His isolated worldview felt deeply solipsistic to his peers.
Stoicism
스토아학파 철학 / 금욕주의
Ancient Stoicism teaches inner self-control and acceptance of fate.
Structuralism
구조주의
Structuralism looks for deep universal patterns in culture and language.
Subjectivism
주관주의
Ethical subjectivism denies the existence of objective moral truths.
Substantialism
실체론
Traditional metaphysics often relies heavily on strong substantialism.
Supernaturalism
초자연주의
Religious philosophy frequently defends a robust supernaturalism.
Symbolism
상징주의
Human culture is entirely wrapped in complex layers of symbolism.
Symbiosis
공생
Environmental philosophy emphasizes the global symbiosis of all life.
Syncretism
혼합주의
Hellenistic philosophy showed strong traits of cultural syncretism.
Syntactic
통사론적인 / 구문론의
Formal logic focuses heavily on the syntactic rules of deduction.
Systematism
체계주의
German idealism is famous for its grand conceptual systematism.
Teleological
목적론적인
A teleological explanation looks at the ultimate purpose of an action.
Temporality
시간성
Heidegger analyzed human existence through the lens of temporality.
Tertium
제3의 것 (중간자)
Philosophical synthesis often requires discovering a tertium quid.
Theism
유신론
Classical theism defines God as all-powerful and all-knowing.
Theology
신학
Natural theology uses human reason to explore divine attributes.
Theoretical
이론적인
Pure philosophy deals primarily with abstract theoretical questions.
Thomism
토마스주의 (아퀴나스의 철학)
Catholic philosophy has a long tradition rooted in Thomism.
Transcendental
초월적인 / 선험적인
Kant used transcendental philosophy to study conditions of experience.
Transformism
변화설 / 변형론
Early evolutionary ideas were often referred to as transformism.
Transitory
일시적인 / 덧없는
Buddhist philosophy reminds us of the transitory nature of life.
Troglodyte
동굴 거주자 (플라톤 동굴의 비유 관련 어원)
Plato compared unphilosophical people to troglodytes in a cave.
Typology
유형학
Psychology uses personality typology to categorize behavioral traits.
Universalism
보편주의
Human rights are built upon a strong moral universalism.
Utilitarian
공리주의의 / 실용적인
A utilitarian approach seeks the greatest good for the greatest number.
Utopianism
유토피아주의 / 이상향 사상
Political thinkers often warn against the dangers of radical utopianism.
Valid
타당한 / 유효한
An argument can be logically valid even if its premise is false.
Value-free
가치 중립적인
Scientists strive to maintain value-free objective analysis.
Verificationism
검증주의
Verificationism states that un-testable claims are strictly meaningless.
Vitalism
생기론
Vitalism proposes a non-physical vital force behind living organisms.
Voluntarism
의지주의
Schopenhauer’s metaphysics is a primary form of philosophical voluntarism.
Weltanschauung
세계관 (독일어 차용어)
Every intellectual movement shapes a unique historical weltanschauung.
Wisdom-seeker
구도자 / 철학자
Ancient thinkers preferred to call themselves mere wisdom-seekers.
Zen
선(禪) / 참선
Zen philosophy emphasizes direct awakening beyond conceptual thought.
Zetetic
탐구적인 / 회의적 탐구의
Ancient skeptics followed a zetetic path of continuous inquiry.
Zoomorphism
동물형태론 / 신을 동물로 묘사함
Early mythologies often displayed heavy elements of zoomorphism.
Affluent
부유한 / 유복한
The neighborhood grew into an affluent suburb over the decade.
Austerity
긴축 / 내핍
The government introduced harsh economic austerity measures.
Bailout
구제금융 / 구제
The failing bank needed a government bailout to avoid bankruptcy.
Barter
물물교환하다
Before currency was invented, people used to barter goods.
Beneficiary
수혜자 / 수급자
She is the main beneficiary of her grandfather's will.
Boom
호황 / 급등
The housing market experienced a massive boom last year.
Budget
예산 / 예산안
We need to cut down expenses to stay within our monthly budget.
Capitalism
자본주의
Modern global economics is largely built upon capitalism.
Cartel
카르텔 / 기업 연합
The oil companies formed an illegal cartel to fix high prices.
Collateral
담보 / 담보물
He offered his house as collateral for the business loan.
Commerce
상업 / 무역
E-commerce has dramatically changed how people buy goods.
Commodity
상품 / 원자재
Oil and gold are two of the most traded global commodities.
Consumerism
소비주의 / 소비 지상주의
Modern society is often criticized for excessive consumerism.
Conglomerate
대기업 / 거대 복합기업
He works for a multinational media conglomerate.
Currency
통화 / 화폐
Foreign exchange markets trade different types of national currency.
Deficit
적자 / 부족액
The company ran a huge financial deficit this quarter.
Depression
불황 / 침체 / 우울증
The Great Depression devastated global economies in the 1930s.
Deregulation
규제 완화
The government announced deregulation of the airline industry.
Devaluation
평가절하
Currency devaluation can make export goods cheaper overseas.
Dividend
배당금
Shareholders receive a quarterly dividend from the tech corporation.
Embezzlement
횡령 / 공금 유용
The executive was arrested for massive corporate embezzlement.
Entrepreneur
기업가 / 사업가
Successful entrepreneurs often take calculated business risks.
Equity
자기자본 / 순자산 / 공평
Homeowners can borrow money against their home equity.
Expenditure
지출 / 비용
The family needs to cut down on daily food expenditure.
Fiscal
재정의 / 회계의
The government announced a new fiscal policy to boost growth.
Fluctuation
변동 / 오르내림
Stock market fluctuation can be stressful for new investors.
Globalisation
세계화
Globalisation has increased international trade and cultural exchange.
Gross
총계의 / 총체적인
Gross domestic product measures the total output of a nation.
Hedging
위험 회피 / 헤지
Investors use gold as a hedging strategy against inflation.
Hyperinflation
하이퍼인플레이션 / 극심한 물가 상승
The country suffered from hyperinflation, rendering money worthless.
Import
수입하다 / 수입품
South Korea has to import a large amount of raw energy.
Incentive
장려책 / 인센티브
Tax breaks act as a financial incentive for green energy adoption.
Inflation
인플레이션 / 물가 상승
Rising fuel prices are driving up overall market inflation.
Infrastructure
사회 기반 시설 / 인프라
The city is investing heavily in digital transport infrastructure.
Insolvency
채무 불이행 / 파산
Poor management led the retail chain straight into insolvency.
Interest
이자 / 관심
Central banks raised interest rates to cool down the housing market.
Investment
투자
Real estate remains a popular long-term investment option.
Liability
부채 / 책임
The company has heavy financial liabilities to clear off.
Liquidity
유동성 / 현금화 가능성
Small businesses often struggle with short-term cash liquidity.
Macroeconomics
거시경제학
Macroeconomics examines national unemployment and inflation rates.
Microeconomics
미시경제학
Microeconomics studies consumer and firm decision-making.
Monopoly
독점
Antitrust laws prevent large corporations from forming a monopoly.
Mortgage
주택 담보 대출
They took out a 30-year mortgage to buy their first home.
Nationalisation
국유화
The state decided on the nationalisation of failing railways.
Niche
틈새 / 틈새시장
The startup successfully carved out a profitable niche market.
Outsource
외주를 주다 / 외부 위탁하다
Many tech firms outsource customer service to overseas agencies.
Overdraft
당좌 대월 / 초과 인출
She had to pay bank fees for an accidental account overdraft.
Patent
특허권 / 특허
The pharmaceutical firm filed a new medical drug patent.
Payroll
급여 대장 / 임금 총액
The company added fifty new workers to its monthly payroll.
Poverty
가난 / 빈곤
Global organizations work continuously to reduce extreme poverty.
Privatisation
민영화
The government initiated the privatisation of public telecom sectors.
Productivity
생산성
Remote work arrangements have boosted office employee productivity.
Recession
경기 침체 / 불황
Economists predict that the nation is sliding into a recession.
Remittance
송금 / 송금액
Foreign workers send regular remittances back to their families.
Revenue
수익 / 세입
Online advertising accounts for most of the tech firm's revenue.
Sanction
제재 / 허가
The UN imposed severe economic sanctions on the trading nation.
Solvency
지불 능력 / 채무 상환 능력
Auditors checked the firm's financial solvency thoroughly.
Speculation
투기 / 추측
Real estate speculation drove up housing prices abnormally.
Stagnation
정체 / 침체
Economic stagnation led to high youth unemployment rates.
Subsidy
보조금 / 장려금
Electric vehicle buyers receive a government purchase subsidy.
Tariff
관세
The trade war escalated after countries raised import tariffs.
Toll
통행료 / 피해 (대가)
Drivers must pay a highway toll when using express lanes.
Transaction
거래 / 매매
Digital payment apps make daily commercial transactions secure.
Underemployment
불완전 고용
Many college graduates face low-wage jobs and underemployment.
Unemployment
실업 / 실업률
The country managed to lower its national unemployment rate.
Union
노동조합 / 연합
The trade union negotiated a better wage increase with management.
Utility
공익사업 / 공공요금 / 효용
Monthly household expenses include water and electricity utilities.
Venture
벤처 사업 / 모험적 사업
Venture capitalists invest money into risky technology startups.
Volatility
변동성 / 휘발성
Cryptocurrency markets are notorious for extreme price volatility.
Wealth
부 / 재산
He dedicated his life to philanthropy after accumulating great wealth.
Welfare
복지 / 복지 제도
The government expanded social welfare programs for low-income families.
Wholesale
도매의 / 도매로
Retailers buy goods from manufacturers at wholesale prices.
Yield
수익률 / 산출하다
Government bonds offer a safe but low financial yield.
Arbitrage
차익 거래
Traders used market price differences for quick financial arbitrage.
Bankruptcy
파산 / 부도
The retail chain filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
Benchmark
기준 / 벤치마크
The S&P 500 serves as a key benchmark for the US stock market.
Bonds
채권
Investors bought government bonds as a safe haven asset.
Brokerage
중개업 / 중개 수수료
She opened an account at an online stock brokerage.
Bullish
강세의 / 낙관적인
Wall Street analysts remain bullish on artificial intelligence stocks.
Bearish
약세의 / 비관적인
Rising interest rates created a bearish mood in the market.
Cashflow
현금 흐름
Managing steady cashflow is critical for small business survival.
Coterie
파벌 / 동업자 집단
A small coterie of investors controlled the local property market.
Credit
신용 / 외상 / 입금
Building a good credit score takes responsible financial habits.
Crowdfunding
크라우드펀딩 / 대중 투자
The indie game developer raised funds via online crowdfunding.
Currency
통화 / 유행
Crypto is a digital currency operating on decentralized networks.
Default
채무 불이행 / 디폴트
The nation narrowly avoided a sovereign debt default.
Depreciation
가치 하락 / 감가상각
Company cars experience rapid depreciation within the first year.
Diversification
다각화 / 분산 투자
Portfolio diversification helps minimize risk in volatile markets.
Downturn
침체기 / 하락세
The tech sector suffered a sharp economic downturn.
Economies
경제 규모 / 절약
Mass production creates economies of scale for large manufacturers.
Endowment
기부금 / 기금
The university relies heavily on its generous alumni endowment fund.
Enterprise
기업 / 사업체
Small and medium enterprises form the backbone of the economy.
Exemption
면제 / 세금 공제
Low-income households qualify for a tax exemption.
Foreclosure
압류 / 차압
The bank initiated home foreclosure proceedings after missed payments.
Franchise
가맹점 / 프랜차이즈
He bought a local fast-food franchise restaurant.
Futures
선물 (금융 파생상품)
Commodity traders buy and sell oil futures in global markets.
Globalisation
세계화
Globalisation creates interconnected supply chains worldwide.
Grant
보조금 / 승인하다
The scientist received a research grant from the national foundation.
Hedging
위험 회피
Derivatives are often used for corporate risk hedging.
Holding
지주회사 / 보유 자산
The parent holding company manages multiple retail brands.
Immigration
이민 / 이주
Economic immigration brings diverse workers to labor markets.
Accrual
발생 / 누적
Accrual accounting records revenues when they are earned, not when cash is received.
Amortization
분할 상환 / (무형자산) 감가상각
The monthly mortgage payment includes both interest and principal amortization.
Appreciation
가치 상승 / 가격 오름
Real estate property appreciation can build long-term personal wealth.
Assessed
평가된 / 부과된
Local governments use assessed property values to calculate annual taxes.
Audit
회계 감사 / 검사하다
An independent firm was hired to conduct an annual financial audit.
Autarky
자급자족 / 경제적 자립
Total national autarky is extremely difficult to achieve in the globalized era.
Bail-in
베일인 / 채권자 손실 부담
The bank restructuring plan involved a bail-in procedure for large depositors.
Bancarrupt
파산한 / 지급 불능의
Several retail chains went bancarrupt during the severe market downturn.
Benefactor
후원자 / 은인
An anonymous benefactor donated millions to the community hospital fund.
Bid
입찰 / 가격 제시
Several construction companies submitted a bid for the new bridge project.
Blacklist
블랙리스트 / 취업 거부자 명단
The regulatory body placed the fraudulent trading firm on a blacklist.
Blended
혼합된 / 복합의
Many universities now offer blended learning combining online and in-person classes.
Bonus
보너스 / 상여금
High-performing employees received an end-of-year performance bonus.
Break-even
손익분기점의
The new café reached its break-even point within six months of opening.
Bribe
뇌물 / 매수하다
The corrupt official was prosecuted for accepting a massive commercial bribe.
Buffer
완충재 / 완충 지대
Having personal emergency savings acts as a financial buffer.
Cap
상한선 / 제한하다
The government decided to place a strict cap on energy price increases.
Capitalization
자본화 / 시가총액
Market capitalization measures the total dollar value of a company’s shares.
Carve-out
분할 매각 / 일부 분사
The tech corporation announced a strategic carve-out of its software unit.
Celler
저장고 / 지하실
Wine celler investments have become popular among luxury collectors.
Certificate
증명서 / 수료증
She earned a professional certificate in digital marketing.
Chain
체인점 / 연쇄
The fast-food chain expanded its branches across the country.
Chargeback
지불 취소 / 환불 요청
Customers can request a credit card chargeback for fraudulent charges.
Charter
헌장 / 설립 인가서
The municipal bank operates under an official government charter.
Checkbook
수표책
Traditional banking transactions used to rely heavily on a checkbook.
Circulation
유통 / 발행 부수
Central banks control the amount of paper money in active circulation.
Clearinghouse
청산소 / 정보 교환소
Financial clearinghouses settle trades between buyers and sellers safely.
Clientele
(상점 등의) 모든 고객층
The high-end boutique attracts an affluent international clientele.
Co-op
협동조합 / 공동 주택
Local farmers formed an agricultural co-op to sell goods directly.
Commission
수수료 / 위원회
Real estate agents earn a commission on every home sale.
Compensate
보상하다 / 급여를 주다
The firm agreed to fairly compensate workers for extra overtime hours.
Consolidate
통합하다 / 강화하다
The company decided to consolidate its offices into a single headquarters.
Contingency
비상사태 / 우발 사건
Every solid business plan must include a financial contingency fund.
Convertible
전환 가능한 / 지붕이 열리는 차
Convertible bonds allow investors to trade debt for company stock.
Corrupt
부패한 / 타락한
Anti-corruption task forces aim to clean up corrupt public institutions.
Coupon
쿠폰 / 할인권 / (채권의) 이자표
Government bonds pay a fixed interest coupon every six months.
Cramdown
강제 채무 조정
The bankruptcy judge approved a judicial cramdown of corporate debt.
Custodian
관리인 / 수탁 기관
A financial custodian holds and safeguards investor securities.
Customs
관세청 / 세관
Travelers must declare imported goods at airport customs.
Debenture
신용채권 / 사채
The large corporation issued an unsecured debenture to raise capital.
Debit
차변 / 직불
She used her debit card to pay for daily groceries.
Deductible
공제액 / 공제 가능한
Health insurance policies often require a fixed annual deductible.
Deferred
연기된 / 거치의
He opted for a deferred tax payment plan to manage cash flow.
Demographics
인구 통계
Market researchers analyze consumer demographics to target advertising.
Depository
예탁원 / 저장소
Central securities depositories handle electronic stock registrations.
Derivatives
파생상품
Financial derivatives derive their value from underlying assets.
Direct
직접적인 / 감독하다
Direct foreign investment brings new jobs and technology overseas.
Disburse
지급하다 / 지출하다
The government will disburse student loans at the start of term.
Discount
할인 / 할인하다
Wholesalers offer a bulk discount for large retail purchases.
Discretionary
임의의 / 자유 재량의
Consumers cut back on discretionary spending during high inflation.
Dissent
반대 의견 / 반대하다
One board member expressed a strong dissent against the merger.
Downsizing
규모 감축 / 구조조정
Corporate downsizing aims to cut operational costs during slumps.
Dumping
덤핑 / 부당 염가 판매
International trade courts penalized the firm for illegal steel dumping.
Earnest
계약금 / 성실한
Buyers deposit earnest money to secure a real estate purchase contract.
Earmark
자금 용도 지정 / 책정하다
Congress earmarked specific funds for local road improvements.
E-commerce
전자상거래
Global e-commerce platforms have transformed traditional retail shopping.
Economize
절약하다 / 아끼다
Rising living costs forced many households to economize on utilities.
Eligibility
적격성 / 자격
Applicants must meet strict income eligibility requirements for the subsidy.
Empowerment
권한 이앙 / 역량 강화
Economic empowerment helps local communities escape cyclic poverty.
Escrow
에스크로 / 제3자 예탁 계정
Property earnest money is safely held in an escrow account until closing.
Estate
재산 / 사유지 / 부동산
The billionaire’s estate was distributed among multiple heirs.
Excise
소비세 / 물품세
Governments levy an excise tax on alcohol, tobacco, and fuel.
Expat
국외 거주자 / 해외 파견 근로자
Financial perks attract many corporate expats to major global hubs.
Expedite
진행을 신속히 하다 / 촉진하다
Digital documentation helps expedite international shipping customs.
External
외부의 / 대외적인
External economic shocks can drastically alter national trade balances.
Facilitate
촉진하다 / 용이하게 하다
Mobile banking apps facilitate quick and secure monetary transfers.
Fiduciary
신탁의 / 신용에 기반한 / 관리인
Financial advisors have a fiduciary duty to protect client assets.
Filibuster
의사진행 방해
Lawmakers used a political filibuster to delay the budget bill vote.
Float
주식 상장하다 / (환율을) 변동환율제로 하다
The tech startup decided to float its shares on the public stock exchange.
Forfeiture
몰수 / 박탈
Illegal asset seizure can lead to the absolute forfeiture of property.
Gerrymandering
게리맨더링 / 불공정한 선거구 개편
Political maps faced heavy criticism over partisan gerrymandering.
Golden
황금의 / 유리한
Senior executives often negotiate a lucrative golden parachute severance package.
Hedge
위험 회피 / 울타리
Investors buy gold as a traditional hedge against market inflation.
Honorarium
사례금 / 강사료
The guest speaker received a modest honorarium for the lecture.
Immigration
이민 / 이주 / 출입국 관리
Strict immigration policies can affect national labor force demographics.
Import
수입하다 / 수입품
The country relies heavily on food and energy imports.
Incentive
장려책 / 유인책
Tax credits serve as a financial incentive for green energy adoption.
Indemnity
배상금 / 면책
The insurance contract provided full indemnity against accidental loss.
Inflation
인플레이션 / 물가 상승
Central banks raise interest rates to cool down rapid consumer price inflation.
Infrastructure
기반 시설 / 인프라
Governments invest heavily in public transport and digital infrastructure.
Insolvency
지불 불능 / 파산
Poor cash management pushed the small business toward corporate insolvency.
Interest
이자 / 관심 / 이해관계
Mortgage interest rates vary depending on overall macroeconomic conditions.
Intervention
개입 / 간섭
Market intervention by the central bank stabilized the falling currency.
Inventory
재고 / 재고품 목록
Retailers must manage unsold holiday inventory to avoid heavy losses.
Investment
투자
Long-term equity investment usually outperforms cash savings over decades.
Invoice
송장 / 청구서
The vendor sent a detailed invoice for the office supplies delivered.
Jurisdiction
관할권 / 사법권
Tax evasion cases fall under the legal jurisdiction of federal courts.
Kickback
리베이트 / 뒷돈
The purchasing manager was fired for accepting illegal corporate kickbacks.
Labor
노동 / 근로자
Labor unions negotiate better wages and safe working conditions.
Lapse
소멸하다 / 실효 / (기다) 과실
Failing to pay premiums on time will cause the insurance policy to lapse.
Lease
임대차 계약 / 임대하다
The restaurant signed a five-year commercial lease for downtown space.
Leverage
차입 투자 / 영향력 / 지렛대
Excessive financial leverage can amplify investment losses during market slumps.
Liability
부채 / 법적 책임
Corporate debts and legal obligations are listed as business liabilities.
Liquidity
유동성 / 현금화 가능성
High market liquidity allows traders to buy and sell assets quickly.
Lobbying
로비 활동 / 입법 로비
Corporations spend millions on political lobbying to shape industry regulations.
Macro
거시적인
Macroeconomic indicators include GDP growth, inflation, and employment rates.
Mandate
명령 / 위임 / 권한
The board passed a corporate mandate requiring remote work flexibility.
Margin
이윤 / 여백 / 한계
Retail stores operate on a thin profit margin due to fierce competition.
Marketplace
시장 / 시장 장소
Online retail platforms have created a truly global digital marketplace.
Maturity
만기 / 성숙
The fixed-rate bond will reach full financial maturity in ten years.
Merger
합병 / 기업 결합
The multi-billion-dollar corporate merger created a global industry leader.
Micro
미시적인 / 소규모의
Micro-loans help small entrepreneurs in developing nations build businesses.
Monopoly
독점
Antitrust regulators break up illegal corporate monopolies to protect consumers.
Mortgage
주택담보대출 / 저당
Most first-time homebuyers secure a 30-year bank mortgage.
Negotiate
협상하다
Trade representatives meet annually to negotiate international tariff rates.
Net
순(純)~ / 순이익의
After all expenses, the company reported a record net profit.
Nominee
후보자 / 지명자
Political parties officially vote to confirm their presidential nominee.
Notary
공증인
Important legal contracts must be signed in front of a licensed notary.
Obligation
의무 / 채무
Paying corporate taxes is a legal obligation for all registered businesses.
Offshore
해외의 / 역외의
Some multinational corporations use offshore accounts to lower tax burdens.
Oligopoly
과점
The telecommunications market operates as a strict corporate oligopoly.
Outsource
외주를 주다 / 외부 위탁하다
Many tech startups outsource customer service operations overseas.
Overdraft
당좌 대월 / 초과 인출
Bank checking accounts may charge steep fees for account overdrafts.
Overhead
간접비 / 고정 경비
Renting a downtown office dramatically increases monthly business overhead.
Patent
특허권 / 특허를 취득하다
Pharmaceutical companies file a patent to protect new drug formulas.
Pauper
극빈자 / 거지
Poor investment choices turned the wealthy merchant into a pauper.
Payroll
급여 대장 / 임금 총액
The expanding tech firm added fifty new engineers to its monthly payroll.
Penalize
처벌하다 / 벌칙을 과하다
Regulators penalize companies that violate environmental safety standards.
Pension
연금
Retirees rely on government pensions and private savings for daily living.
Per capita
1인당
Economic growth is often measured by increases in gross domestic product per capita.
Philanthropy
박애 / 자선 사업
Successful tech entrepreneurs often engage in high-profile philanthropy.
Portfolio
포트폴리오 / 투자 자산 목록
Financial advisors recommend diversifying a stock investment portfolio.
Precedent
전례 / 선례
The supreme court ruling set a vital legal precedent for corporate tax law.
Premium
보험료 / 할증금 / 고급의
Drivers pay a monthly car insurance premium to cover accident risks.
Privatize
민영화하다
The government decided to privatize state-owned telecommunication companies.
Procurement
조달 / 입찰 구매
The defense department oversees strict military equipment procurement.
Productivity
생산성
Advanced software tools boost office worker productivity and accuracy.
Promissory
약속의 / 약속어음의
A promissory note serves as a written legal promise to repay borrowed money.
Proprietor
소유주 / 경영자
The small shop proprietor manages daily store operations alone.
Prospectus
투자 안내서 / 사업 설명서
Investors read the corporate prospectus before buying new public stocks.
Proviso
단서 조항 / 조건
The business contract was signed with a strict financial performance proviso.
Proxy
위임장 / 대리인
Shareholders unable to attend can vote via a corporate proxy form.
Quota
할당량 / 쿼터
Import quotas limit the physical volume of foreign goods entering the market.
Receipt
영수증 / 수령
Always keep your store purchase receipt for easy product returns.
Recession
경기 침체 / 불황
An economic recession typically leads to rising corporate unemployment rates.
Reconciliation
조정 / 화해 / 대조 (회계)
Bank account reconciliation helps catch fraudulent transactions early.
Redundancy
정리해고 / 여분 / 중복
Company restructuring caused massive workforce redundancies across departments.
Reflation
리플레이션 / 경기 부양책
Government stimulus spending served as a key policy of post-crisis reflation.
Remittance
송금 / 송금액
Foreign workers send regular financial remittances back to their home families.
Remuneration
보수 / 급여
The executive contract outlines annual base salary and performance remuneration.
Repossess
압류하다 / 되찾다
Banks will repossess vehicles if buyers fail to pay monthly loans.
Retain
유지하다 / 보유하다
Offering competitive salaries helps companies retain top-tier engineering talent.
Revenue
수익 / 세입
Digital ad sales generate the majority of annual corporate revenue.
Royalty
사용료 / 로열티
Musicians earn continuous royalties whenever their songs are broadcasted.
Sanction
제재 / 허가하다
International trade sanctions restrict economic ties with rogue nations.
Absorortion
흡수
Plant roots are responsible for the absorption of water and minerals.
Adaptation
적응 / 순응
Desert animals show unique physical adaptations to survive extreme heat.
Aerodynamics
공기역학
Engineers test car shapes in wind tunnels to improve aerodynamics.
Algorithm
알고리즘
Recommendation algorithms suggest videos based on your watch history.
Altitude
고도 / 높이
Aircraft fly at high altitudes where the air density is significantly lower.
Amphibian
양서류
Frogs and salamanders are common examples of water-loving amphibians.
Anatomy
해부학 / 해부 구조
Comparative anatomy studies the structural similarities among different species.
Antibiotic
항생제
Patients should finish the entire course of prescribed antibiotics.
Antioxidant
항산화제
Berries and green tea are rich in natural antioxidants.
Aquatic
수생의 / 물의
The lake ecosystem supports a wide range of aquatic plants and fish.
Atmosphere
대기 / 대기권
Carbon dioxide acts as a greenhouse gas in Earth’s upper atmosphere.
Atom
원자
Atoms bond together to form complex molecules.
Biodiversity
생물 다양성
Rainforests possess the richest biodiversity on the planet.
Biomass
생물 질량 / 바이오매스
Biomass energy is derived from organic plant and animal waste materials.
Biosphere
생물권
Human activities have a profound impact on the global biosphere.
Botany
식물학
She pursued a university degree in botany to study rare forest flora.
Catalyst
촉매
Platinum is frequently used as a catalyst in industrial chemical procedures.
Cell
세포 / 전지
Every living tissue is composed of billions of microscopic cells.
Chlorophyll
엽록소
Chlorophyll gives plants their characteristic green color and absorbs sunlight.
Chromosome
염색체
Abnormalities in human chromosomes can cause genetic disorders.
Climate
기후
Global climate patterns are shifting due to rising atmospheric temperatures.
Clone
복제하다 / 클론
Biologists successfully cloned gene sequences for laboratory experimentation.
Combustion
연소
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels produces hazardous carbon monoxide.
Condensation
응결 / 응축
Water droplets form on cold glass through the condensation of air vapor.
Conduction
전도
Metal pans cook food quickly via efficient heat conduction.
Conservation
보존 / 보호
Wildlife conservation programs protect endangered species from total extinction.
Constellation
별자리
Ancient navigators used the North Star and constellations to find directions.
Contamination
오염
Industrial waste discharge caused severe river water contamination.
Convection
대류
Boiling water circulates inside pots through thermal convection currents.
Cortex
피질 / 대뇌 피질
The cerebral cortex controls higher brain functions like reasoning and memory.
Crater
분화구 / 크레이터
Astronauts explored deep volcanic craters on the lunar surface.
Crust
지각 / 껍질
Earth’s solid outer crust is broken into massive moving tectonic plates.
Cytoplasm
세포질
Organelles float freely inside the jelly-like substance of the cytoplasm.
Decomposition
분해 / 부패
Soil bacteria accelerate the natural decomposition of fallen leaves.
Deforestation
산림 벌채
Rapid deforestation destroys natural habitats for countless forest animals.
Density
밀도
Ice floats on water because solid ice has a lower density than liquid water.
Diffusion
확산
Perfume scent spreads across the room through molecular diffusion.
DNA
디엔에이 / 유전 물질
DNA molecules carry the genetic instructions used in growth and development.
Ecology
생태학
Field researchers study marine ecology to protect coastal coral reefs.
Ecosystem
생태계
Every single species plays a unique role within its natural ecosystem.
Electron
전자
Negative electrons orbit around the positive nucleus of an atom.
Element
원소
Gold and silver are rare chemical elements found in Earth’s crust.
Embryo
배아
Plant seeds contain a tiny embryonic plant waiting to sprout.
Endemic
고유의 / 풍토성의
Lemurs are endemic species found exclusively on the island of Madagascar.
Enzyme
효소
Biological enzymes speed up chemical reactions inside living organisms.
Erosion
침식
Heavy rainfall and strong winds cause severe coastal soil erosion.
Evolution
진화
The fossil record provides compelling evidence for biological evolution.
Excretion
배설
Kidneys play a vital role in biological waste excretion and blood filtration.
Extinction
멸종
Climate disruption pushes many arctic animals to the brink of extinction.
Fauna
(특정 지역의) 동물군
The national park protects a diverse array of native flora and fauna.
Feral
야생의 / 야생화된
Feral cats can sometimes disrupt local bird populations.
Fermentation
발효
Yeast transforms sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide through fermentation.
Flora
(특정 지역의) 식물군
Spring rain causes desert flora to bloom into brilliant colors.
Fossil
화석
Paleontologists discovered dinosaur fossils buried deep in sedimentary rock.
Frequency
주파수 / 빈도
Bat navigation relies on high-frequency sound wave echoes.
Fusion
핵융합 / 융합
Nuclear fusion powers the sun and all other glowing stars.
Galaxy
은하
Our solar system is located within the vast spiral Milky Way galaxy.
Gene
유전자
Specific genes determine inherited physical traits like eye and hair color.
Geology
지질학
Volcanologists apply geology to forecast volcanic eruptions safely.
Germination
발아
Warmth and moisture are essential conditions for seed germination.
Gravity
중력
Earth’s gravity pulls objects downward toward the center of the planet.
Habitat
서식지
Deforestation destroys the natural habitat of wild orangutans.
Helix
나선형
The twisted ladder shape of DNA is called a double helix.
Herbivore
초식동물
Zebras and deer are typical herbivores that feed strictly on plants.
Humidity
습도
High summer humidity makes the hot weather feel much more oppressive.
Hybrid
잡종 / 하이브리드
Mules are sterile hybrid animals bred from a donkey and a horse.
Hydrosphere
수권 (지구상의 물)
Oceans, glaciers, and rivers collectively make up Earth’s hydrosphere.
Hypothesis
가설
Scientists perform controlled lab tests to validate their initial hypothesis.
Immunity
면역력
Healthy diets and proper sleep help strengthen natural human immunity.
Inertia
관성
Passengers lurch forward in braking cars due to physical inertia.
Infection
감염
Antiseptic washes prevent minor skin cuts from developing bacterial infection.
Isotope
동위원소
Radioactive carbon isotopes help date ancient archaeological wood artifacts.
Kinetic
운동의
Swinging pendulums constantly convert potential energy into kinetic energy.
Larva
애벌레 / 유충
Caterpillars are the active feeding larva stage of butterflies.
Latitude
위도
Regions located near tropical latitudes receive direct year-round sunlight.
Magma
마그마
Volcanoes erupt when molten underground magma breaks through the crust.
Mammal
포유류
Whales are aquatic mammals that breathe air using lungs.
Metabolism
신진대사
Physical exercise stimulates bodily metabolism and burns extra calories.
Meteorology
기상학
Meteorology utilizes satellite technology to forecast stormy weather patterns.
Microbe
미생물
Beneficial microbes live inside human intestines to aid food digestion.
Molecule
분자
Carbon dioxide is a simple gas molecule made of carbon and oxygen.
Mutation
돌연변이
Random DNA mutation can sometimes create advantageous physical traits.
Nebula
성운
Stunning space telescopes captured colorful glowing gas inside the Orion nebula.
Neuron
뉴런 / 신경세포
Billions of connected neurons transmit electrical messages throughout the brain.
Nucleus
원자핵 / 세포핵
The dense atomic nucleus holds almost all the mass of an atom.
Omnivore
잡식동물
Bears and humans are classified as adaptable omnivores eating both plants and meat.
Orbit
궤도 / 궤도를 돌다
Artificial weather satellites maintain a steady circular orbit around Earth.
Organism
유기체 / 생물
Microscopic organisms thrive even in extreme deep-sea thermal vents.
Osmosis
삼투현상
Water moves through semi-permeable cell membranes via natural osmosis.
Oxidation
산화
Slicing apples turn brown quickly due to direct oxygen oxidation.
Parasite
기생충 / 기생생물
Ticks feed on host animals as blood-sucking external parasites.
Pathogen
병원균
Soap and water effectively wash away infectious viral and bacterial pathogens.
Photosynthesis
광합성
Green leaves convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Physics
물리학
Classical mechanics is a foundational branch of traditional physics.
Plankton
플랑크톤
Tiny floating plankton form the very base of marine food chains.
Plasma
플라스마 / 혈장
Lightning and neon signs consist of glowing ionized gas plasma.
Pollination
수분 (꽃가루받이)
Honeybees play a crucial environmental role in flower pollination.
Polymer
고분자 / 중합체
Synthetic polymers are widely used to manufacture durable plastic items.
Predator
포식자
Lions are apex predators sitting at the top of the savanna food web.
Protein
단백질
Eggs, fish, and beans are fantastic sources of daily dietary protein.
Radiation
방사선 / 복사
The ozone layer shields Earth from harmful solar ultraviolet radiation.
Receptor
수용체
Sensory receptors in skin detect changes in temperature and pressure.
Reef
암초 / 산호초
Tropical coral reefs shelter thousands of colorful marine fish species.
Respiration
호흡
Cellular respiration produces the chemical energy required by living tissues.
Sediment
퇴적물
Rivers slowly carry mud and sand sediment downstream into lakes.
Sensor
센서
Digital smoke sensors instantly trigger alarms in case of fires.
Solute
용질
Salt dissolves easily in water, acting as the solute in the mixture.
Solution
용액 / 해결책
Sugar mixed completely into water forms a clear liquid solution.
Solvent
용매
Water is widely known as a universal solvent for many substances.
Species
종 (생물 분류)
Scientists continuously discover new insect species deep in tropical rainforests.
Spectrum
스펙트럼
Rainbows display the full visible color spectrum of sunlight.
Spore
포자 / 홀씨
Ferns and mushrooms reproduce by releasing microscopic spores into the air.
Stem cell
줄기세포
Stem cells can transform into specialized cell types inside the body.
Stimulus
자극
Plants bend toward sunlight as a natural growth response to visual stimulus.
Stratosphere
성층권
Commercial jet airplanes typically cruise smoothly just below the stratosphere.
Substance
물질
Chemical laboratories test unknown hazardous substances safely under hoods.
Symbiosis
공생
Clownfish and sea anemones maintain a classic mutualistic symbiosis.
Synthesis
합성
Protein synthesis takes place inside cellular structures called ribosomes.
Tectonic
지각 변동의 / 구조의
Sudden shifts in tectonic plates trigger massive earthquakes worldwide.
Temperature
온도
Global average temperatures have increased significantly over the past century.
Thermodynamics
열역학
Laws of thermodynamics explain how heat converts into mechanical work.
Tissue
조직
Muscle tissue contracts and relaxes to enable body movement.
Toxin
독소
Certain poisonous mushrooms produce deadly toxins dangerous to humans.
Transistor
트랜지스터
Microchips contain billions of tiny electronic transistors.
Transpiration
증산작용
Plant leaves release water vapor into the air through transpiration.
Tsunami
쓰나미 / 지진해일
Underwater earthquakes can generate destructive ocean tsunami waves.
Vacuum
진공
Sound waves cannot travel through the absolute vacuum of space.
Vaccine
백신
Inoculation programs deliver essential vaccines to prevent viral illnesses.
Velocity
속도
Physics problems calculate projectile flight trajectory based on launch velocity.
Vertebrate
척추동물
Birds, fish, and mammals all belong to the vertebrate animal group.
Virus
바이러스
Microscopic viruses require living host cells to successfully reproduce.
Viscosity
점성
Thick motor oils have a higher viscosity than thin liquid water.
Volcano
화산
Active volcanoes spew hot ash and lava into the surrounding air.
Wavelength
파장
Infrared radiation has a longer wavelength than visible red light.
Zoology
동물학
University zoology departments research animal behavior and evolutionary history.
Acid
산 / 산성인
Strong acids can react violently with various reactive metals.
Adhesion
부착력 / 접착
Water droplets stick to window panes due to molecular adhesion.
Algorithm
알고리즘 / 연산 규칙
The software uses a complex search algorithm to filter relevant results.
Amplitude
진폭
Sound wave volume increases as the wave amplitude gets larger.
Anode
양극 / 애노드
Electrical current flows out through the battery anode during discharge.
Antidote
해독제
Doctors administered a fast-acting antidote to neutralize the snake venom.
Aquifer
대수층 / 지하수층
Deep underground aquifers supply fresh water to agricultural irrigation systems.
Artificial intelligence
인공지능 (AI)
Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have transformed modern technology.
Asteroid
소행성
Astronomers track near-Earth asteroids to prevent potential orbital collisions.
Bandwidth
대역폭 / 네트워크 용량
Streaming high-definition video requires a high-speed internet bandwidth.
Bacterium
박테리아 / 세균
Certain types of beneficial bacteria help humans digest food properly.
Biofuel
바이오 연료
Scientists develop eco-friendly biofuels to replace traditional petroleum products.
Biotechnology
생명공학
Modern biotechnology creates pest-resistant crops to improve global food yields.
Calorie
칼로리 / 열량
Nutritional labels list the total calorie count of food items.
Capillary
모세혈관 / 모세관
Oxygen transfers from tiny lung capillaries directly into the bloodstream.
Carbohydrate
탄수화물
Athletes consume complex carbohydrates for sustained energy before races.
Catalysis
촉매 작용
Enzymes provide biological catalysis for chemical reactions in cells.
Cathode
음극 / 캐소드
Electrons travel toward the cathode during electrochemical cell operation.
Centrifuge
원심분리기 / 원심 분리하다
Lab technicians use a high-speed centrifuge to separate blood plasma.
Circuit
회로 / 순환로
An electrical surge can damage microscopic components inside a computer circuit.
Cognitive science
인지과학
Cognitive science combines psychology, neuroscience, and computer science.
Compound
화합물 / 혼합물
Water is a chemical compound made of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Cybersecurity
사이버 보안
Corporations invest heavily in cybersecurity to protect sensitive data networks.
Data mining
데이터 마이닝
Retailers use data mining techniques to analyze consumer shopping trends.
Dehydration
탈수 (증상) / 건조
Extreme outdoor exercise without water can quickly lead to physical dehydration.
Depletion
고갈 / 소모
Overfishing causes severe depletion of marine fish populations.
Desalination
담수화 (염분 제거)
Coastal desert cities rely on seawater desalination plants for drinking water.
Diffusion
확산 / 침투
Gas molecules spread across rooms through the process of molecular diffusion.
Digital footprint
디지털 발자국
Users should manage their online activity to minimize personal digital footprints.
DNA sequencing
DNA 염기 서열 분석
Modern DNA sequencing helps researchers identify genetic diseases quickly.
Ecosystem
생태계
Wetlands form a vital ecological ecosystem that filters local water supplies.
Electrochemistry
전기화학
Electrochemistry principles drive the development of modern rechargeable lithium batteries.
Electromagnetic
전자기의
Electric motors convert electrical energy into motion using electromagnetic fields.
Encryption
암호화
Online banking systems use strong data encryption to secure user privacy.
Endangered
멸종 위기에 처한
Global conservation funds are allocated to protect endangered rhino species.
Enzyme
효소
Digestive enzymes break down complex food proteins into simple amino acids.
Epigenetics
후성유전학
Epigenetics studies how environmental factors alter gene expression patterns.
Evaporation
증발
Solar heat drives water evaporation from lakes and oceans into the sky.
Exoplanet
외계 행성
Space telescopes search distant star systems to discover habitable exoplanets.
Fiber optics
광섬유 통신 / 광섬유
Fiber optics transmit data signals via pulses of light through glass wires.
Fission
핵분열 / 분열
Nuclear power plants generate electricity through controlled uranium atom fission.
Fluid dynamics
유체역학
Aerospace engineers apply fluid dynamics to design fuel-efficient aircraft wings.
Gene editing
유전자 편집
Advanced gene editing tools allow scientists to correct genetic mutations precisely.
Geothermal
지열의
Geothermal energy taps natural heat trapped deep within Earth’s crust.
Global warming
지구 온난화
Industrial carbon emissions are the primary driver of rapid global warming.
Greenhouse effect
온실효과
The greenhouse effect traps solar heat within Earth’s lower atmosphere.
Hardware
하드웨어 (기기 장치)
Computer engineers design faster physical computer hardware components.
Heredity
유전 / 유전학적 특징
Mendel’s laws of heredity explain how traits pass across generations.
Homeostasis
항상성
Biological systems maintain internal stability through complex physiological homeostasis.
Hydrology
수문학 / 물의 순환 연구
Hydrology experts monitor river flow rates and seasonal rainfall levels.
Hypothesis
가설
Researchers test an experimental hypothesis using randomized controlled trials.
Immune system
면역 체계
A healthy immune system defends the human body against foreign pathogens.
Inoculation
접종 / 예방 주사
Routine childhood inoculation prevents dangerous infectious community diseases.
Interface
인터페이스 / 접속기
Good software design features a clean and intuitive user interface.
Ionization
이온화
High-voltage electric charges cause the ionization of neutral gas atoms.
Isotope
동위원소
Medical doctors use radioactive carbon isotopes for diagnostic medical scans.
Kinetic energy
운동 에너지
Moving roller coasters possess high kinetic energy at track bottoms.
Lithosphere
암권 / 지권
Earth’s solid lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle layers.
Machine learning
머신러닝 / 기계학습
Machine learning algorithms improve prediction accuracy by processing big data.
Macroeconomics
거시경제학
Macroeconomics studies national employment figures, inflation, and fiscal policies.
Metabolism
신진대사 / 대사 작용
Regular aerobic exercise helps speed up slow human bodily metabolism.
Microbiology
미생물학
Microbiology laboratory researchers culture microscopic bacteria and viruses.
Microchip
마이크로칩 / 반도체 칩
Modern smartphones contain powerful microchips running advanced software.
Microprocessor
마이크로프로세서 / 중앙처리장치
The microprocessor acts as the core logical brain of digital devices.
Mitosis
체세포 분열
Cell division via mitosis creates identical copies for tissue growth.
Molecule
분자
Oxygen molecules consist of two oxygen atoms bonded tightly together.
Nanotechnology
나노기술
Nanotechnology manipulates matter at the atomic and molecular scales.
Neural network
신경망
Artificial neural networks mimic biological human brain processing structures.
Neurology
신경학
Neurology specialists treat complex disorders affecting the central nervous system.
Neutron
중성자
Atomic nuclei consist of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons.
Nucleotide
뉴클레오티드 (핵산 구성 단위)
DNA strands are built from long chains of repeating nucleotides.
Omnivore
잡식동물
Pigs are intelligent omnivores consuming various plant and animal materials.
Optical fiber
광섬유
Undersea optical fiber cables connect global internet networks across oceans.
Osmosis
삼투 현상
Plant roots absorb ground moisture through natural cellular osmosis.
Ozone layer
오존층
International treaties successfully protected the stratospheric ozone layer from depletion.
Paleontology
고생물학
Paleontology uncovers prehistoric life secrets by studying ancient fossils.
Pathogen
병원균 / 병원체
Sterilization procedures destroy dangerous medical equipment pathogens completely.
Petrochemical
석유화학의 / 석유화학 제품
Refineries process crude oil into various useful petrochemical products.
Photosynthesis
광합성
Algae and green plants sustain global life through active photosynthesis.
Photovoltaic
광전지의 / 태양전지의
Photovoltaic solar panels convert direct sunlight into usable electrical power.
Plate tectonics
판구조론
Plate tectonics theory explains continental drift and mountain formation.
Polymerization
중합 반응 / 폴리머화
Chemical polymerization turns liquid monomer chemicals into solid plastics.
Potential energy
위치 에너지
Water held behind high dams stores massive gravitational potential energy.
Proton
양성자
The atomic number of an element equals its total proton count.
Quantum mechanics
양자역학
Quantum mechanics describes subatomic particle behavior at microscopic scales.
Radioactivity
방사능
Unstable atomic isotopes emit natural radioactivity during decay processes.
Recycling
재활용
Municipal recycling programs reduce landfill waste and conserve natural resources.
Recombinant DNA
재조합 DNA
Scientists use recombinant DNA techniques to produce medical insulin proteins.
Renewable energy
신재생 에너지
Wind and solar power are primary sources of clean renewable energy.
Respiration
호흡 / 호흡 작용
Aerobic cellular respiration requires continuous oxygen intake to function.
Robotics
로봇 공학
Industrial robotics streamline manufacturing assembly lines for higher precision.
Satellite
인공위성 / 위성
Global positioning system networks rely heavily on orbiting satellites.
Sedimentary rock
퇴적암
Fossilized dinosaur bones are frequently discovered inside sedimentary rock layers.
Semiconductor
반도체
Silicon semiconductor chips form the foundation of modern digital electronics.
Software
소프트웨어
Operating systems are essential software platforms running computer hardware.
Solar system
태양계
Earth is just one rocky planet orbiting inside our sun’s solar system.
Species
종 (생물 분류)
Deforestation threatens numerous unique animal species with sudden extinction.
Spectrometer
분광기
Astronomers use a spectrometer to analyze distant star light compositions.
Stem cell
줄기세포
Medical researchers explore stem cell therapy for repairing damaged spinal tissues.
Stratosphere
성층권
Weather balloons ascend through the troposphere into the lower stratosphere.
Superconductor
초전도체
Superconductors conduct electrical current with zero internal resistance.
Symbiosis
공생 관계 / 공생
Lichens represent a tight biological symbiosis between fungi and algae.
Telecommunication
원거리 통신 / 전기 통신
Modern telecommunication networks connect people across continents instantly.
Thermodynamics
열역학
Thermal engineering relies heavily on the core laws of thermodynamics.
Topography
지형 / 지세
Satellite mapping technology helps geologists analyze complex mountain topography.
Transistor
트랜지스터
The invention of the transistor revolutionized modern microelectronics.
Troposphere
대류권
Most daily weather phenomena occur within Earth’s lowest atmospheric troposphere.
Ultraviolet
자외선의 / 자외선
Sunglasses with UV protection shield human eyes from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Vaccination
백신 접종
Mass vaccination programs successfully eradicated smallpox worldwide.
Virtual reality
가상현실 (VR)
Virtual reality headsets immerse users in interactive computer-generated environments.
Viscosity
점성 / 점도
Engine oil viscosity decreases as engine operating temperatures rise.
Wavelength
파장
Different color lights travel through space carrying distinct wavelengths.
Zoology
동물학
Field researchers study zoology to understand wild animal behavioral patterns.
Absorptivity
흡수율 / 흡수성
Specialized material coatings enhance the solar absorptivity of panels.
Acceleration
가속도 / 가속
Sports cars are tested for rapid speed acceleration from zero to sixty.
Adsorption
흡착 (표면에 붙는 현상)
Active carbon filters pollutants through chemical adsorption on surfaces.
Aerodynamics
공기역학
Automotive designers optimize vehicle shapes using wind tunnel aerodynamics.
Allergy
알레르기 / 과민증
Spring pollen triggers severe seasonal allergy symptoms for many people.
Allotrope
동소체
Diamond and graphite are two well-known physical allotropes of pure carbon.
Amino acid
아미노산
Proteins are long biochemical chains composed of various linked amino acids.
Amorphous
비결정성의 / 무정형의
Glass is an amorphous solid lacking a structured crystalline atomic grid.
Antibiotic
항생제 / 항생 물질
Doctors prescribe strong antibiotics to cure bacterial throat infections.
Antidote
해독제
Paramedics quickly administered the correct antidote to save the patient.
Apoptosis
세포 예정 사멸 / 세포 자살
Controlled apoptosis removes damaged cells safely without harming tissues.
Aquatic
수생의 / 물의
Coral reefs support thousands of diverse aquatic plant and animal species.
Arithmetic
산수 / 연산
Basic arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Atmosphere
대기 / 대기권
Earth’s protective atmosphere shields living organisms from harsh solar radiation.
Atom
원자
Every chemical element consists of uniquely structured microscopic atoms.
Autotroph
독립영양생물
Green plants act as primary autotrophs producing food via sunlight.
Biochemistry
생화학
Biochemistry explores the chemical processes happening inside living biological systems.
Biodegradable
생분해성의
Eco-friendly packaging materials must be fully biodegradable in natural soil.
Biodiversity
생물 다양성
Tropical rainforests boast the highest terrestrial biodiversity on the planet.
Bioinformatics
생물정보학
Bioinformatics combines computer science with complex genetic data analysis.
Biomass
바이오매스 / 생물량
Renewable power plants generate clean electricity by burning organic biomass.
Biosphere
생물권
Human activities exert profound environmental impacts across Earth’s biosphere.
Catalyst
촉매
Chemical catalysts accelerate reaction speeds without being consumed themselves.
Celsius
섭씨의
Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius under normal standard atmospheric pressure.
Centripetal force
구심력
Centripetal force keeps racing cars moving smoothly along curved tracks.
Chlorophyll
엽록소
Green chlorophyll molecules absorb solar light energy during plant photosynthesis.
Chromosome
염색체
Human cell nuclei contain twenty-three distinct pairs of organized chromosomes.
Cloning
복제 / 클로닝
Genetic cloning technologies enable scientists to replicate specific cellular DNA strands.
Combustion
연소
Engine fuel combustion releases carbon dioxide and thermal energy rapidly.
Conductor
도체
Copper wires serve as an excellent electrical conductor for power grids.
Convection
대류
Atmospheric heat transfer happens primarily through warm air thermal convection.
Cryogenics
극저온 공학
Cryogenics studies materials and physical properties at ultra-low temperatures.
Cytoplasm
세포질
Organelles float suspended inside the jelly-like fluid of cellular cytoplasm.
Decibel
데시벨 (소리의 단위)
Sound intensity exceeding eighty-five decibels can cause permanent hearing damage.
Deforestation
삼림 벌채 / 산림 파괴
Widespread deforestation destroys natural habitats for vulnerable forest wildlife.
Density
밀도
Ice floats on water because its solid state has lower density.
Derivation
유도 / 기원 / 끌어냄
Physics students learn the mathematical derivation of complex motion formulas.
Diffraction
회절
Light waves bend around obstacle edges through the optical diffraction effect.
Dissolution
용해 / 해체
Stirring speeds up the chemical dissolution of sugar inside water.
DNA fingerprinting
DNA 지문 채취 / DNA 감식
Forensic investigators use DNA fingerprinting to identify crime suspects accurately.
Ecology
생태학
Ecology research examines interactions between organisms and physical environments.
Electron
전자
Negative electrons orbit around the central positive nucleus of atoms.
Electronegativity
전기음성도
Fluorine possesses the highest electronegativity among all periodic table elements.
Endemic
(특정 지역의) 고유종인 / 풍토성의
Certain unique lemur species are strictly endemic to Madagascar island.
Entomology
곤충학
Entomology laboratories analyze insect behavior, genetics, and population dynamics.
Entropy
엔트로피 / 무질서도
Thermodynamics states that physical universe entropy always increases over time.
Erosion
침식
Heavy coastal rainstorms accelerate soil erosion along steep mountain slopes.
Eutrophication
부영양화
Agricultural fertilizer runoff causes severe pond water eutrophication and oxygen depletion.
Evolution
진화
Darwinian theory explains biological species evolution through natural selection.
Fermentation
발효
Microscopic yeast drives sugar fermentation to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Fossil
화석
Geologists date ancient rock strata using embedded index fossils.
Frequency
주파수 / 빈도
Radio communication towers broadcast signals at distinct electromagnetic frequencies.
Fusion
핵융합 / 융합
Stars generate massive light and heat energy through nuclear fusion.
Galactose
갈락토오스
Milk sugar breaks down chemically into glucose and galactose subunits.
Gene pool
유전자 풀 (유전병 집단)
Small isolated animal populations often suffer from limited genetic pools.
Genetic code
유전 암호
The universal genetic code translates nucleotide sequences into functional proteins.
Genome
게놈 / 유전체
Mapping the human genome unlocked new pathways for personalized medicine.
Geology
지질학
Geology studies Earth’s solid material composition, structure, and history.
Gravitation
중력 / 만유인력
Universal gravitation governs orbital movements of planets across space.
Habitat
서식지
Protecting natural wetlands preserves critical feeding grounds and wildlife habitats.
Hemoglobin
헤모글로빈
Red blood cell hemoglobin binds oxygen molecules for transport throughout bodies.
Hertz
헤르츠 (주파수 단위)
Normal human ears can detect sound frequencies up to twenty thousand hertz.
Hybridization
잡종 교배 / 혼성화
Agricultural experts use plant hybridization to breed disease-resistant crops.
Hydrocarbon
탄화수소
Crude petroleum oil consists primarily of complex liquid hydrocarbon mixtures.
Hydrogen bond
수소 결합
Hydrogen bonds give water molecules their unique high boiling temperature properties.
Hydrolysis
가수분해
Enzymatic hydrolysis breaks complex dietary bonds using water molecules.
Inertia
관성
Newton’s first law states that stationary objects maintain inertia unless pushed.
Infrared
적외선의 / 적외선
Thermal imaging cameras detect invisible infrared radiation emitted by warm objects.
Inorganic
무기물의 / 무기질의
Minerals and salts are common inorganic compounds found in natural rocks.
Insulator
절연체 / 단열재
Plastic coatings serve as an effective electrical insulator for copper cables.
Interference
간섭 (파동의 중첩 현상)
Light wave interference creates colorful patterns on thin soap bubble surfaces.
Isomer
이성질체
Chemical isomers share identical molecular formulas but have different structures.
Kinematics
운동학
Physics kinematics describes motion trajectories without analyzing underlying forces.
Laser
레이저
Precision medical surgery utilizes focused high-energy laser beams.
Limnology
육수학 (호수·하천 연구)
Limnology researchers study freshwater lake ecosystems, chemistry, and biology.
Liquefaction
액화
High pressures drive the industrial liquefaction of natural industrial gases.
Luminescence
발광
Deep-sea marine organisms use biological luminescence to attract prey.
Macromolecule
거대 분자
Proteins and nucleic acids are essential biological macromolecules.
Magnetism
자기장 / 자기력
Earth’s core generates powerful core magnetism protecting our navigation compasses.
Mass spectrometry
질량 분석법
Chemists identify unknown substance structures using accurate mass spectrometry.
Meiosis
감수 분열
Reproductive cell division via meiosis produces unique genetic sperm and eggs.
Metalloid
준금속
Silicon and germanium act as key semiconductor metalloids in electronics.
Meteorology
기상학
Meteorology forecasting models analyze atmospheric pressure to predict upcoming storms.
Microorganism
미생물
Soil fertility depends heavily on active microscopic soil microorganisms.
Mitochondria
미토콘드리아 (세포 소기관)
Cellular mitochondria act as biological power plants generating chemical energy.
Molecular weight
분자량
Polymers consist of long chains featuring extremely high molecular weights.
Mutagen
돌연변이원
Ultraviolet radiation acts as a powerful physical mutagen damaging cellular DNA.
Mutation
돌연변이
Random DNA sequence mutations can drive evolutionary biological changes over time.
Nanotube
나노튜브
Carbon nanotubes possess extraordinary tensile strength and electrical properties.
Neurotransmitter
신경 전달 물질
Chemical neurotransmitters carry signals across synaptic gaps between brain neurons.
Nucleus
원자핵 / 세포핵
Protons and neutrons cluster tightly inside the dense center of an atom nucleus.
Oceanography
해양학
Oceanography explores marine currents, deep-sea trenches, and aquatic ecosystems.
Organic
유기농의 / 유기물의
Organic chemistry focuses specifically on complex carbon-containing compounds.
Oxidation
산화
Iron metal exposed to humid air undergoes a slow chemical oxidation process.
Paleontology
고생물학
Fossil discoveries fuel ongoing paleontology research into prehistoric extinction events.
Pathology
병리학
Hospital pathology laboratories analyze tissue samples to diagnose patient diseases.
Periodic table
주기율표
Chemists organize known chemical elements systematically within the periodic table.
Phagocytosis
식균 작용
White blood cells destroy invading pathogens through active phagocytosis.
Phenotype
표현형 (겉으로 드러난 특성)
An organism’s physical phenotype results from combined genetics and environment.
Photon
광자 / 빛의 입자
Solar panels generate electrical voltage when struck by incoming light photons.
Phytoplankton
식물성 플랑크톤
Marine phytoplankton produce half of Earth’s atmospheric oxygen supply.
Plasmid
플라스미드 (세균의 DNA 조각)
Genetic engineers use bacterial plasmids to transport foreign genes.
Polymer
고분자 / 폴리머
Plastic containers are manufactured from durable synthetic chemical polymers.
Precipitate
침전물 / 침전시키다
Mixing two clear chemical solutions caused a solid white precipitate to form.
Prion
프리온 (단백질성 감염 입자)
Prions are abnormal infectious proteins causing degenerative brain neurological diseases.
Radiocarbon dating
방사성 탄소 연대 측정
Archaeologists determine ancient wood artifact ages using radiocarbon dating.
Refraction
굴절
Lenses bend light rays using the physical principle of optical refraction.
Replication
복제
Accurate DNA replication is crucial prior to cellular division stages.
Ribosome
리보솜 (단백질 합성 기관)
Ribosomes assemble amino acid chains into functional structural proteins.
Salinity
염분도 / 염도
Evaporation increases ocean water salinity levels in tropical regions.
Seismology
지진학
Seismology instruments record underground tectonic wave movements during earthquakes.
Solubility
용해도
Warm liquids often feature higher chemical salt solubility rates.
Spectroscopy
분광학
Astrophysicists use spectroscopy to analyze chemical compositions of distant nebulae.
Stasis
정지 상태 / 균형
Evolutionary stasis describes species remaining unchanged across long periods.
Sublimation
승화 (고체가 기체로 바로 변함)
Dry ice transitions directly from solid to gas through chemical sublimation.
Supernova
초신성
Massive dying stars explode brilliantly across space as a bright supernova.
Taxonomy
분류학 / 분류 체계
Biological taxonomy organizes living organisms into structured kingdom classifications.
Tectonic
지각 변동의 / 구조적인
Tectonic plate movements constantly reshape Earth’s surface geography.
Thermal equilibrium
열평형
Two touching objects exchange heat until reaching steady thermal equilibrium.
Transcription
전사 (DNA 정보를 RNA로 옮기는 과정)
Cellular DNA transcription producesmessenger RNA molecules inside nuclei.
Translation
번역 (RNA를 단백질로 합성하는 과정)
Ribosomes drive genetic translation to build polypeptide protein chains.
Trophic level
영양단계 (먹이사슬 위치)
Energy transfers upward inefficiently across different ecological trophic levels.
Vacuole
액포 (세포 내 저장고)
Plant cells store water and waste nutrients inside large central vacuoles.
Vector
벡터 / 매개체
Mosquitoes act as primary biological vectors transmitting infectious tropical diseases.
Velocity
속도 (방향을 포함한 속력)
Physics problems calculate projectile flight velocity using vectors.
Virus
바이러스
Infectious viruses require host cells to reproduce biological copies.
Viscometer
점도계
Laboratory engineers measure industrial fluid thickness using a viscometer.
Volatilization
휘발 / 휘발화
Warm temperatures accelerate chemical pollutant volatilization into air.
Watershed
유역 / 분수계
Environmental managers protect local river water quality across entire watersheds.
X-ray diffraction
X선 회절
Scientists discovered the double helix DNA structure using X-ray diffraction.
Zygote
접합자 / 수정란
Fertilized egg cells develop into a single living diploid zygote.
Acquisition
습득 / 획득
Language acquisition in early childhood happens naturally through social immersion.
Andragogy
성인 교육학
Andragogy focuses on self-directed learning and practical experiences for adults.
Assessment
평가 / 사정
Formative assessment helps teachers monitor student understanding during lessons.
Attention span
주의 집중 시간
Interactive digital tools can help extend the attention span of young learners.
Bias
편향 / 편견
Researchers must carefully control cognitive bias during data collection phases.
Blended learning
블렌디드 러닝 / 온·오프라인 혼합 학습
Blended learning combines online video lectures with traditional classroom discussions.
Case study
사례 연구
The academic journal published a detailed case study on rare psychological disorders.
Causality
인과관계
Establishing strict causality requires rigorous experimental design controls.
Chunking
청킹 (정보를 기억하기 쉬운 단위로 묶기)
Chunking long phone numbers into smaller groups improves short-term memory.
Cognition
인지 / 인식
Neuroscience explores how human cognition processes sensory information.
Cohort
코호트 / 동일 집단
The longitudinal research project tracked a student cohort over ten years.
Competency
역량 / 능력
Modern curricula emphasize digital literacy as a core student competency.
Concept mapping
개념도 작성
Concept mapping visualizes relationships between complex theoretical ideas.
Conditioning
조건화 (학습 이론)
Classical conditioning links neutral stimuli with involuntary biological responses.
Constructivism
구성주의 (교육·학습 이론)
Constructivism argues that learners actively build knowledge from experiences.
Correlation
상관관계
Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between study hours and grades.
Critical thinking
비판적 사고
Universities foster critical thinking by encouraging open academic debates.
Curriculum
교육과정 / 커리큘럼
The national curriculum updates science standards to match modern technology.
Deduction
연역 / 연역적 추론
Logical deduction applies general rules to reach specific valid conclusions.
Demographics
인구 통계학적 특성
Survey results were broken down by age, gender, and regional demographics.
Divergent thinking
발산적 사고
Brainstorming sessions encourage divergent thinking to generate creative solutions.
Dyslexia
난독증
Specialized reading interventions help students cope effectively with dyslexia.
E-learning
이러닝 / 온라인 학습
E-learning platforms provide flexible remote education options worldwide.
Empirical
경험적인 / 실증적인
Scientific hypotheses require empirical evidence gathered from controlled experiments.
Encoding
부호화 (기억의 첫 단계)
Deep semantic encoding significantly improves long-term memory retention.
Epistemology
인식론
Epistemology investigates the philosophical nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge.
Ethics
윤리 / 윤리학
Human subject research must pass strict institutional review board ethics approvals.
Ethnography
민족지학 / 문화 기술지
Sociologists conduct immersive ethnography to study unique community cultures.
Evaluation
평가
Program evaluation measures whether educational initiatives achieved their goals.
Executive function
실행 기능 (계획·자기조절 능력)
Prefrontal cortex development enhances children’s self-regulation and executive function.
Experiment
실험
Researchers manipulated independent variables during the controlled cognitive experiment.
Extrapolate
외삽하다 / 추론하다
Scientists extrapolate future trends based on current empirical dataset values.
Feedback
피드백 / 피드백 제공
Constructive feedback guides learners to correct mistakes and improve skills.
Focus group
표적 집단 (질적 연구 방법)
Market researchers organized a focus group to discuss new textbook designs.
Formative
형성의 / 발달기의
Early childhood represents a formative period for language and social skills.
Generalizability
일반화 가능성
Small sample sizes can limit the statistical generalizability of research findings.
Heuristic
휴리스틱 / 어림짐작 법
Problem-solving heuristics offer practical mental shortcuts for quick decisions.
Hypothesis
가설
The experiment was designed to test the validity of the research hypothesis.
Implicit memory
암묵 기억 (무의식적 기억)
Riding a bicycle relies heavily on procedural implicit memory systems.
Incentive
유인책 / 보상
Financial incentives can boost participation rates in academic survey studies.
Induction
귀납 / 귀납적 추론
Inductive reasoning builds broad theories from specific observed data points.
Information processing
정보 처리
Cognitive psychology compares human brain functions to computer information processing.
Inquiry-based
탐구 중심의
Inquiry-based science education encourages students to ask questions and investigate.
Insight
통찰 / 통찰력
Sudden cognitive insight helps solve complex mathematical puzzles.
Institutional Review Board
기관생명윤리위원회 (IRB)
All clinical psychology studies must be reviewed by the Institutional Review Board.
Intelligence quotient
지능 지수 (IQ)
Standardized tests are often used to measure cognitive intelligence quotients.
Intervention
중재 / 개입
Early educational intervention supports children with developmental delays.
Interview
면담 / 인터뷰
Qualitative researchers gathered deep insights through semi-structured interviews.
Kinesthetic
운동 감각의 / 신체 활동의
Kinesthetic learners benefit greatly from hands-on physical classroom activities.
Knowledge base
지식 기반 / 지식 베이스
Advanced courses expand students’ foundational knowledge base for research.
Learning curve
학습 곡선
Complex software applications often feature a steep initial learning curve.
Lifelong learning
평생 학습
Modern careers require a strong commitment to continuous lifelong learning.
Literacy
문해력 / 읽고 쓰는 능력
Early childhood literacy programs focus on alphabet recognition and phonics.
Longitudinal
종단의 / 장기간에 걸친
Longitudinal studies track cognitive changes in aging populations over decades.
Metacognition
메타인지 / 상위 인지
Metacognition involves thinking about one’s own thinking and learning strategies.
Methodology
방법론
The research paper outlines a rigorous qualitative data collection methodology.
Mnemonic
기억술의 / 연상 기호
Students use visual mnemonic devices to memorize foreign vocabulary lists.
Motivation
동기부여 / 동기
Intrinsic motivation drives deep conceptual learning better than external rewards.
Neuroplasticity
신경 가소성
Neuroplasticity allows the human brain to adapt and rewire after injuries.
Norm-referenced
규준 참조의 / 상대 평가의
Norm-referenced tests compare student scores against a national average group.
Observation
관찰
Naturalistic observation records children’s behaviors without experimental interference.
Ontology
존재론
Philosophy and artificial intelligence research both examine foundational data ontology.
Operational definition
조작적 정의
Scientific studies require a clear operational definition for abstract variables.
Outlier
이상치 / 극단값
Statisticians checked if survey outliers were caused by data entry errors.
Paradigm
패러다임 / 인식 체계
Scientific revolutions introduce an entirely new theoretical research paradigm.
Pedagogy
교육학 / 교수법
Modern pedagogy integrates technology to enhance student engagement in classrooms.
Peer review
동료 평가 / 동료 심사
Academic manuscripts undergo strict peer review before journal publication.
Perception
지각 / 인식
Visual perception interprets raw sensory signals into meaningful environmental objects.
Phenomenology
현상학 (질적 연구 방법론)
Phenomenology explores subjective human lived experiences and inner meanings.
Phonics
파닉스 (소리 중심 읽기 교육법)
Kindergarten classes teach phonics to help children decode written letters.
Plagiarism
표절
Universities use advanced software tools to detect student text plagiarism.
Population
모집단 / 전체 집단
Researchers sampled a small group to represent the broader target population.
Pragmatism
실용주의
Educational pragmatism values practical knowledge and problem-solving skills.
Priming
점화 효과 / 프라이밍
Subconscious cognitive priming affects subsequent decision-making behaviors.
Problem-based learning
문제중심학습 (PBL)
Medical schools utilize problem-based learning to teach clinical diagnostics.
Protocol
연구 프로토콜 / 절차서
Laboratory technicians follow an exact experimental protocol to ensure safety.
Psychometrics
심리측정학
Psychometrics designs reliable tests to measure human intelligence and personality.
Qualitative
질적인
Qualitative research relies on interviews, field notes, and descriptive analysis.
Quantitative
양적인 / 정량적인
Quantitative studies analyze numerical data using advanced statistical software.
Questionnaire
설문지
Researchers distributed a structured questionnaire to gather participant feedback.
Recall
회상 / 기억해 내기
Testing memory recall helps consolidate information in long-term storage.
Reciprocal teaching
상호 교수법
Reciprocal teaching encourages students to take turns leading reading discussions.
Replication
재현 / 반복 연구
Scientific validity depends on the successful replication of experimental results.
Retrieval
인출 (기억해 내는 과정)
Active memory retrieval strengthens neural pathways for future recall.
Rubric
평가 기준표
Teachers grade essay assignments using a transparent scoring rubric.
Sampling
표본 추출 / 샘플링
Random sampling ensures every member of the population has an equal chance.
Scaffolding
비계 (교육적 임시 지원)
Teachers provide instructional scaffolding to help students master difficult tasks.
Schema
도식 / 스키마 (인지 구조)
New experiences help children update their internal cognitive schema.
Self-regulation
자기 조절
Emotional self-regulation is crucial for academic success in group settings.
Semantics
의미론
Cognitive linguistics studies semantics and how words convey meaning.
Standardization
표준화
Test standardization ensures fair scoring across diverse geographical regions.
Statistical significance
통계적 유의성
A p-value below 0.05 generally indicates statistical significance.
Stimulus
자극
Psychologists measure reaction times to various visual and auditory stimuli.
Summative
총괄의 / 총괄 평가의
Summative final exams measure cumulative learning at the end of a semester.
Survey
설문조사 / 조사
Researchers administered an online survey to collect broad public opinions.
Syntax
통사론 / 문장 구조
Syntax rules govern how words are arranged to form grammatically correct sentences.
Taxonomy
분류 체계 (블룸의 교육목표 분류 등)
Bloom’s taxonomy classifies educational learning objectives into hierarchical levels.
Validity
타당도 / 타당성
Construct validity ensures that tests actually measure what they claim to measure.
Variable
변수
Independent variables are deliberately manipulated in experimental research designs.
Working memory
작업 기억
Working memory temporarily holds and manipulates information during complex tasks.
Zone of proximal development
근접 발달 영역 (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development highlights the value of guided learning.
Abstract
추상적인
Young children often struggle to understand abstract concepts like justice.
Academic
학업의 / 학술적인
Students set personal goals to improve their academic performance this semester.
Achieve
성취하다 / 달성하다
Consistent daily habits help learners achieve long-term educational goals.
Adapt
적응하다 / 각색하다
Schools must adapt quickly to digital learning environments and technologies.
Adjust
조절하다 / 적응하다
Teachers adjust lesson plans according to the students’ comprehension levels.
Analyze
분석하다
Scientists analyze data collected from various classroom experiments.
Approach
접근법 / 다가가다
A creative problem-solving approach encourages students to think differently.
Aspect
측면 / 양상
Motivation is a crucial aspect of successful language learning processes.
Assessing
평가하는
The teacher spent hours assessing student essays and giving feedback.
Assume
가정하다 / 추정하다
We should not assume that all learners process information in the exact same way.
Attitude
태도 / 마음가짐
A positive attitude toward studying leads to better academic outcomes.
Author
저자 / 작가
The author of the psychology textbook explained memory retention clearly.
Awareness
인식 / 자각
Metacognitive training raises students’ awareness of their own thinking habits.
Behavior
행동
Psychologists study animal and human behavior through controlled observations.
Benefit
혜택 / 이점 / 유익하다
Group discussions benefit students by exposing them to diverse perspectives.
Calculate
계산하다
Researchers calculate the statistical average scores of the test group.
Capability
능력 / 역량
Critical thinking is a core capability required in modern education.
Category
범주 / 부문
Information is easier to memorize when sorted into logical conceptual categories.
Causal
인과관계의
It is difficult to prove a direct causal link in complex social studies.
Challenge
도전 / 난관 / 도전하다
Overcoming academic challenges builds resilience and lifelong learning habits.
Characteristic
특징 / 특유의
Curiosity is a defining characteristic of successful young scientific researchers.
Clarify
명확히 하다 / 설명하다
The professor used real-world examples to clarify difficult research theories.
Classify
분류하다
Biologists classify living organisms based on evolutionary characteristics.
Cognitive
인지의 / 인식의
Regular sleep plays a vital role in maintaining healthy cognitive functions.
Collaborate
협력하다
University researchers collaborate across international borders to solve global problems.
Combine
결합하다 / 조합하다
Effective teachers combine visual aids with lectures to enhance comprehension.
Comment
논평 / 의견을 말하다
Reviewers left constructive comments on the submitted academic paper draft.
Commitment
헌신 / 약속 / 몰입
Mastering a second language requires long-term daily study commitment.
Common
흔한 / 공동의 / 공통의
Forgetting new vocabulary quickly is a common issue among language learners.
Compare
비교하다
The study aims to compare traditional teaching methods with online learning.
Complex
복잡한
Human memory involves a complex network of interconnected brain neurons.
Component
구성 요소 / 부품
Critical thinking is an essential component of a well-rounded education.
Comprehensive
포괄적인 / 종합적인
The report provides a comprehensive overview of recent educational reforms.
Concentrate
집중하다
Quiet study rooms help students concentrate better on complex reading tasks.
Concept
개념
Visual diagrams help young students grasp difficult abstract scientific concepts.
Conclude
결론을 내리다 / 끝내다
Based on experimental data, the researchers can safely conclude their findings.
Condition
조건 / 상태
Good lighting and ventilation are essential conditions for an effective classroom.
Conduct
실행하다 / 수행하다 / 행동
Scientists conduct surveys to measure public attitudes toward new technologies.
Confirm
확인하다 / 증명하다
Additional experiments were performed to confirm the initial research hypothesis.
Connect
연결하다
Good teachers help students connect new lessons with their personal experiences.
Conscious
의식하는 / 자각하는
Learners make a conscious effort to practice pronunciation every single day.
Consider
고려하다 / 여기다
Educators must consider individual student learning styles and paces.
Consistent
일관된 / 꾸준한
Consistent study habits yield far better grades than cramming before exams.
Constant
끊임없는 / 일정한 / 상수
Students face a constant stream of information in modern digital classrooms.
Construct
구성하다 / 건설하다 / 개념
Constructivism suggests that children construct their own understanding of the world.
Consult
상담하다 / 참고하다
Students should consult academic advisors when planning their university majors.
Consume
소비하다 / 소모하다
Reading academic textbooks consumes significant time and mental concentration.
Context
맥락 / 문맥
Guessing vocabulary meanings from the surrounding text context is a useful skill.
Continue
계속하다
Lifelong learners continue reading and studying long after graduating school.
Contribute
기여하다 / 이바지하다
Every student in the group project contributes unique ideas and skills.
Control
통제하다 / 제어하다 / 통제
Researchers must control external variables to maintain experimental accuracy.
Convert
전환하다 / 바꾸다
The program helps students convert physical lecture notes into digital files.
Core
핵심의 / 핵심
Problem-solving and critical thinking are core skills for future careers.
Create
창조하다 / 만들다
Art classes give children opportunities to create original paintings and crafts.
Criteria
기준 (criterion의 복수형)
Essays are graded according to clear, objective evaluation criteria.
Crucial
중대한 / 결정적인
Active participation during lectures is crucial for effective language learning.
Culture
문화
Studying foreign languages also helps students understand diverse global cultures.
Curious
호기심이 많은
Successful researchers remain naturally curious about how the universe works.
Data
데이터 / 자료
The laboratory assistant carefully recorded all experimental research data.
Define
정의하다 / 규정하다
It is important to clearly define key terms before starting a research paper.
Demonstrate
증명하다 / 보여주다
The science teacher will demonstrate a chemical reaction experiment in class.
Depend
의존하다 / 좌우되다
Academic success depends largely on consistent effort and effective study habits.
Derive
끌어내다 / 유래하다
Students derive logical conclusions from the scientific evidence provided.
Design
설계하다 / 디자인 / 디자인하다
Researchers designed a new survey to measure student stress levels.
Detect
감지하다 / 찾아내다
Special software helps professors detect plagiarism in student writing assignments.
Determine
결정하다 / 알아내다
Tests are used to determine whether students are ready for advanced courses.
Develop
발달시키다 / 개발하다
Reading books regularly helps children develop strong vocabulary and imagination.
Device
장치 / 기기
Many schools now use tablet computers as an interactive learning device.
Differ
다르다
Learning styles differ greatly from one individual student to another.
Dimension
차원 / 관점
Critical thinking adds a deep new dimension to traditional classroom learning.
Discover
발견하다
Inquiry-based science programs allow students to discover principles for themselves.
Discuss
논의하다 / 토론하다
Classmates gathered in small groups to discuss the assigned reading material.
Distinguish
구별하다 / 구별 짓다
It is crucial for students to distinguish between factual news and rumors.
Distribute
분배하다 / 나누어주다
The teacher began to distribute the test papers across the classroom.
Diverse
다양한
Modern classrooms welcome students from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
Document
문서 / 기록하다
Field researchers carefully document every single observation they make.
Domain
영역 / 분야
Mathematics and physics belong to the broad domain of natural sciences.
Dynamic
역동적인 / 역학
Classroom group dynamics change when new students join the discussion.
Economy
경제 / 절약
Education plays a fundamental role in driving national innovation and economy.
Effect
효과 / 영향
Researchers studied the positive psychological effect of music on study focus.
Efficient
효율적인
Using flashcards is an efficient way to memorize large amounts of vocabulary.
Element
요소 / 원소
Clear explanation is a key element of effective classroom teaching.
Emerge
나오다 / 드러나다 / 부상하다
New learning theories emerge as educational technology continues to evolve.
Emphasize
강조하다
Good curricula emphasize practical problem-solving skills over simple rote memorization.
Enable
가능하게 하다
Digital learning tools enable students to study anytime and anywhere.
Encounter
마주치다 / 접하다
Students will encounter challenging reading passages in the upcoming exam.
Enhance
향상시키다 / 높이다
Interactive multimedia materials help enhance students’ learning experiences.
Ensure
반드시 ~하게 하다 / 보장하다
Clear guidelines help ensure that all group project members share work equally.
Environment
환경
A quiet and well-lit study environment boosts concentration levels.
Establish
설립하다 / 확립하다
Researchers need clear evidence to establish new scientific theories.
Estimate
추정하다 / 추산하다
Statisticians estimate that over eighty percent of students use online resources.
Evaluate
평가하다
Exams are designed to evaluate student understanding of course materials.
Evidence
증거
Scientific theories must be supported by verifiable empirical evidence.
Evolve
진화하다 / 발달하다
Educational systems continue to evolve alongside modern digital innovations.
Examine
조사하다 / 검토하다
The study aims to examine how sleep affects memory consolidation.
Expand
확장하다 / 넓히다
Reading extensively helps students expand their general knowledge base.
Expect
기대하다 / 예상하다
Teachers expect active participation and curiosity from their students.
Experience
경험 / 경험하다
Hands-on laboratory experience deepens students’ understanding of science.
Expert
전문가 / 전문적인
The seminar featured lectures by leading cognitive science experts.
Factor
요인 / 요소
Motivation is a critical factor determining a student’s academic success.
Feature
특징 / 특색 / 특징으로 삼다
A key feature of the new curriculum is its focus on digital literacy.
Focus
초점 / 집중하다
Teachers need to focus on individual student needs during lessons.
Formulate
형성하다 / 고안하다
Researchers must formulate a clear hypothesis before conducting experiments.
Function
기능 / 작용하다
The brain’s prefrontal cortex manages high-level cognitive functions.
Generate
발생시키다 / 만들어내다
Brainstorming sessions are designed to generate creative ideas quickly.
Goal
목표
Setting clear study goals helps students maintain continuous motivation.
Gradual
점진적인
Language acquisition is a gradual process that requires time and immersion.
Identify
확인하다 / 식별하다 / 찾아내다
Diagnostic tests help teachers identify learning gaps in young students.
Illustrate
설명하다 / 예증하다
The professor used diagrams to illustrate complex biological processes.
Impact
영향 / 영향을 미치다
Digital media has a profound impact on children’s attention spans.
Implement
시행하다 / 도구
Schools plan to implement a new blended learning system next semester.
Imply
암시하다 / 시사하다
Survey results imply that students prefer interactive online lectures.
Improve
향상시키다 / 개선하다
Regular feedback helps learners improve their writing skills over time.
Incorporate
포함하다 / 혼합하다 / 통합하다
Modern education systems incorporate technology into daily classroom routines.
Indicate
나타내다 / 가리키다
High test scores indicate strong conceptual understanding of the subject.
Individual
개인의 / 개인
Instructional methods should respect the pace of each individual learner.
Influence
영향 / 영향을 미치다
Peer groups heavily influence teenagers’ academic attitudes and habits.
Inform
알리다 / 정보를 주다
Research findings inform policy decisions regarding public school reforms.
Initiate
시작하다 / 착수하다
The university decided to initiate a comprehensive mental health program.
Inquire
묻다 / 조사하다 / 탐구하다
Science teachers encourage students to inquire about the natural world.
Insightful
통찰력 있는
The student wrote an insightful essay analyzing the novel’s themes.
Inspect
검사하다 / 조사하다
Lab assistants inspect equipment carefully before running physics experiments.
Instance
사례 / 경우
There are many instances where group work enhances creative problem-solving.
Instinct
본능
Human survival often relies on quick instincts during sudden danger.
Integrate
통합하다 / 융합하다
Schools try to integrate arts and sciences into a cohesive curriculum.
Intellect
지성 / 지식인
University education challenges students to stretch their developing intellect.
Intense
강렬한 / 극심한
Preparation for final exams requires intense focus and time management.
Interpret
해석하다 / 통역하다
Data analysts interpret statistical numbers to draw meaningful conclusions.
Investigate
조사하다 / 연구하다
Researchers set out to investigate the causes of sleep deprivation in teens.
Involve
포함하다 / 관련시키다
Project-based learning tasks involve active collaboration among peers.
Isolate
고립시키다 / 분리하다
Scientists try to isolate a single variable during a controlled experiment.
Justify
정당화하다 / 변명하다
Researchers must justify their choice of methodology in academic papers.
Keep
유지하다 / 계속하다
Keeping a daily vocabulary journal helps expand memory retention.
Key
핵심적인 / 열쇠
Active engagement is a key factor for success in higher education.
Label
라벨 / 명칭 / 분류하다
Psychologists avoid labeling children prematurely based on single tests.
Lack
부족 / 부족하다
A lack of sleep severely impairs cognitive focus and memory recall.
Launch
시작하다 / 출시하다 / 발사
The school district plans to launch a new digital reading initiative.
Layer
층 / 겹
Reading comprehension involves multiple cognitive layers of text processing.
Lead
이끌다 / 야기하다
Effective guidance can lead students toward independent problem-solving.
Limit
제한하다 / 한계
Short attention spans can limit the length of traditional lecture sessions.
Link
연결고리 / 연결하다
Brain imaging studies show a direct link between exercise and memory.
Locate
위치시키다 / 찾아내다
Students learn how to locate reliable academic sources in the library.
Logical
논리적인
Scientific papers must follow a clear and logical structural format.
Maintain
유지하다 / 주장하다
It is difficult to maintain focus during long academic lectures.
Major
주요한 / 전공 / 전공하다
Psychology is a popular major for students interested in human behavior.
Manage
관리하다 / 운영하다
Good time management helps students balance study and social life.
Manipulate
조작하다 / 다루다
Experimenters manipulate independent variables to observe causal outcomes.
Mark
표시하다 / 점수 / 평가하다
Teachers grade assignments and mark incorrect answers with helpful notes.
Mass
대량의 / 질량
Online education platforms provide learning materials for the mass public.
Material
자료 / 재료 / 물질
Reviewing lecture material before sleep improves long-term memory retention.
Maximizing
극대화하는
Maximizing study efficiency requires eliminating digital distractions.
Measure
측정하다 / 조치
Standardized tests measure students’ academic achievement levels.
Mechanism
메커니즘 / 구조 / 기제
Neuroscientists study the neural mechanism behind human speech processing.
Media
매체 / 미디어
Educational media enhances traditional classroom teaching methods.
Mental
정신의 / 마음의
Visual chunking reduces mental strain when processing large blocks of text.
Method
방법
Inquiry-based learning is a modern educational method focused on discovery.
Mindset
사고방식 / 마음가짐
A growth mindset helps students embrace academic challenges without fear.
Model
모델 / 모형 / 본보기
Theoretical models help psychologists understand human information processing.
Modify
수정하다 / 바꾸다
Teachers modify lesson plans based on formative assessment results.
Monitor
모니터링하다 / 관찰하다 / 화면
Metacognition allows students to monitor their own understanding during reading.
Motivate
동기를 부여하다
Positive reinforcement helps motivate children to complete difficult tasks.
Multiple
다양한 / 배수의 / 다중의
Intelligence comes in multiple forms, according to modern educational psychology.
Natural
자연스러운 / 천부적인
Infants show a natural capacity for acquiring spoken languages.
Nature
본질 / 천성 / 자연
Scientists debate the relative importance of nature versus nurture in human development.
Navigate
길을 찾다 / 항해하다 / 탐색하다
Students learn how to navigate digital research databases efficiently.
Network
네트워크 / 망
Brain neurons form a complex network responsible for complex thought.
Neutral
중립적인
Researchers try to remain objective and neutral during data collection.
Note
주목하다 / 메모 / 노트
Taking structured lecture notes improves information retention and recall.
Notice
주목하다 / 알아채다 / 공고
Observant students quickly notice patterns in difficult math equations.
Notion
개념 / 관념 / 생각
Constructivism challenges the traditional notion of passive classroom learning.
Novel
새로운 / 참신한 / 소설
The experiment introduced a novel approach to measuring short-term memory.
Object
물체 / 대상 / 반대하다
Infants learn to track moving physical objects during early cognitive stages.
Objective
객관적인 / 목표
Scrubbing personal bias is essential for achieving objective research results.
Observe
관찰하다
Psychologists observe child behavior in natural playground settings.
Obtain
얻다 / 획득하다
Researchers must obtain informed consent before conducting human subject studies.
Occur
일어나다 / 발생하다
Deep cognitive processing occurs when learners actively connect concepts.
Offer
제공하다 / 제안하다
Universities offer specialized tutoring programs for struggling students.
Offset
상쇄하다
Interactive activities help offset the boredom of long lecture hours.
Omit
생략하다 / 빠뜨리다
Reviewers asked the author to omit redundant data from the final draft.
Ongoing
계속 진행 중인
Neuroscience features ongoing research into human brain adaptability and plasticity.
Optimal
최적의
A quiet and well-organized study space provides optimal conditions for learning.
Option
선택권 / 선택사항
E-learning provides a flexible remote education option for working adults.
Order
순서 / 주문 / 질서
Information is easier to recall when presented in logical sequential order.
Organize
조직하다 / 정리하다
Concept mapping helps students organize complex theoretical relationships.
Origin
기원 / 출처
Researchers investigate the historical origin of human language systems.
Outcome
결과
Academic performance outcomes depend heavily on consistent daily study habits.
Outline
개요 / 개요를 작성하다
The professor handed out a course syllabus outlining semester topics.
Overcome
극복하다
Special reading interventions help students overcome learning disabilities like dyslexia.
Overlap
겹치다 / 중복되다
Cognitive psychology and neuroscience fields often overlap in brain research.
Overview
개요 / 개관
The introductory textbook chapter provides a broad overview of psychology.
Pace
속도 / 걸음걸이
Online learning platforms allow students to study at their own pace.
Participate
참여하다
Active classroom discussions require all students to participate willingly.
Pattern
양상 / 패턴 / 무늬
Data analysts look for behavioral patterns in large survey datasets.
Perceive
지각하다 / 감지하다 / 여기다
Human brains perceive sensory inputs through complex neural networks.
Perform
수행하다 / 공연하다
Students perform better on tests when they get sufficient night sleep.
Perspectives
관점 / 시각
Class debates expose students to diverse philosophical and cultural perspectives.
Phase
단계 / 국면
Data collection represents the crucial first phase of empirical research.
Phenomenon
현상
Memory retention is a fascinating psychological and biological phenomenon.
Aesthetic
미적인 / 미학
The Renaissance architecture emphasized symmetry, balance, and pure aesthetic beauty.
Ancestor
조상 / 선조
Ancient burial sites reveal how our early ancestors practiced ritual traditions.
Artifact
인공물 / 유물
Museum curators carefully preserve historical artifacts unearthed from the excavation site.
Authentic
진짜의 / 진정성 있는
Art historians use chemical tests to determine if the painting is authentic.
Avante-garde
전위적인 / 아방가르드
The avant-garde art movement challenged traditional 19th-century painting rules.
Baroque
바로크 (예술 양식)
Baroque music is characterized by grand ornamentation and dramatic emotional contrast.
Civilization
문명
Mesopotamia is widely recognized as one of the cradles of human civilization.
Classic
고전의 / 전형적인 / 명작
Shakespeare’s plays remain timeless classics studied in literature classes worldwide.
Colonial
식민지의
The historical novel explores life in a 19th-century colonial society.
Contemporary
동시대의 / 현대의
Contemporary art galleries showcase innovative works by living artists.
Craft
공예 / 기술 / 솜씨
Traditional pottery is an ancient craft passed down through generations.
Custom
관습 / 풍습
Weddings often incorporate unique local customs and ancestral traditions.
Decay
부패하다 / 쇠퇴하다 / 쇠퇴
Pollution and acid rain slowly cause ancient stone monuments to decay.
Depict
묘사하다 / 그리다
Renaissance paintings often depict biblical scenes with remarkable realistic detail.
Dynasty
왕조
The Joseon Dynasty ruled the Korean peninsula for over five centuries.
Emancipate
해방시키다
Historical social movements fought hard to emancipate oppressed social classes.
Epoch
시대 / 새 시대
The invention of the printing press marked a major epoch in human history.
Exhibition
전시회
The art museum organized a special exhibition featuring impressionist masterpieces.
Exotic
이국적인
19th-century European painters were fascinated by exotic cultures from the East.
Folklore
민속 / 전설 / 구비 문학
Local elders passed down regional myths and folklore through oral storytelling.
Fresco
프레스코 벽화
Michelangelo painted famous biblical frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.
Gallery
화랑 / 미술관
Emerging painters dream of displaying their artworks in downtown galleries.
Genre
장르 / 형식
Science fiction is a popular literary genre exploring futuristic worlds.
Heritage
유산 / 전통
UNESCO protects global cultural heritage sites of outstanding universal value.
Hierarchy
계급 제도 / 계층 구조
Feudal societies maintained a strict social hierarchy based on land ownership.
Humanism
인문주의 / 인본주의
Renaissance humanism revived classical Greek and Roman literature and arts.
Icon
아이콘 / 우상 / 성상
Marilyn Monroe remains a timeless pop culture icon of the 20th century.
Illustration
삽화 / 도해
Children’s storybooks rely heavily on colorful illustrations to engage readers.
Imitation
모방
Classical art training often began with the careful imitation of master paintings.
Impressionism
인상주의
Claude Monet was a pioneer of the French Impressionism art movement.
Indigenous
토착의 / 원주민의
Indigenous art styles reflect deep spiritual connections to nature.
Inscribe
새기다 / 적다
Ancient civilizations used stone tablets to inscribe legal codes and histories.
Innovation
혁신
The invention of linear perspective was a major artistic innovation in painting.
Legacy
유산
Ancient Greek philosophy left an enduring legacy on modern Western culture.
Legend
전설 / 범례
The heroic tales of King Arthur are famous legends in British folklore.
Literary
문학의
The annual awards ceremony celebrates outstanding achievements in literary fiction.
Masterpiece
걸작 / 명작
Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is widely regarded as a global artistic masterpiece.
Medieval
중세의
European medieval castles were built primarily for defense against invaders.
Melody
멜로디 / 선율
Classical symphonies feature rich harmonies combined with a memorable main melody.
Migration
이주 / 이동
Historical human migration patterns shaped the distribution of global languages.
Monument
기념물 / 유적
The government declared the ancient temple a protected national historic monument.
Mosaic
모자이크
Byzantine churches are famous for their intricate and colorful glass mosaics.
Mythology
신화 / 신화학
Greek and Roman mythology has heavily influenced Western literature for centuries.
Narrative
서사 / 이야기
The historical exhibition constructs a compelling narrative of wartime survival.
Nomadic
유목의 / 방랑의
Nomadic tribes traveled across the vast Asian steppes following seasonal pastures.
Novelty
참신함 / 새로운 물건
Early photography lost its initial novelty as cameras became widely accessible.
Ode
송시 / 찬가
The Romantic poet wrote a famous ode dedicated to the beauty of nature.
Ornament
장식품 / 장식하다
Ancient palaces were decorated with gold ornaments and intricate carvings.
Origin
기원 / 출신
Historians continue to debate the true historical origin of the ancient festival.
Palette
팔레트 / 색채 범위
Impressionist painters used a bright, luminous color palette for outdoor scenes.
Papyrus
파피루스 (고대 종이)
Ancient Egyptian scribes wrote official documents on dried papyrus scrolls.
Patron
후원자
Wealthy Renaissance patrons funded artists to create magnificent public sculptures.
Perspective
원근법 / 관점
Renaissance artists mastered linear perspective to create realistic three-dimensional depth.
Pioneer
개척자 / 선구자
Pablo Picasso was a pioneering figure in the development of modern abstract art.
Poetry
시 / 시적 감흥
Elizabethan theater combined dramatic storytelling with lyrical poetry.
Portrait
초상화
Royal families commissioned famous painters to create official state portraits.
Prehistoric
선사 시대의
Cave paintings provide a fascinating glimpse into prehistoric human culture.
Preserve
보존하다 / 지키다
Museums work tirelessly to preserve fragile historical documents for future generations.
Primitive
원시적인
Early anthropologists mistakenly viewed tribal societies as purely primitive.
Propaganda
선전 / 선전 활동
Totalitarian regimes often used poster art and cinema as political propaganda.
Provincial
지방의 / 시골의
The art exhibition traveled from the capital to various provincial museums.
Realism
사실주의 / 리얼즘
19th-century realism focused on depicting everyday life of the working class accurately.
Rebellion
반란 / 폭동
The peasant rebellion challenged the corrupt feudal tax system.
Recite
암송하다 / 낭독하다
Ancient bards used to recite long heroic epic poems from memory.
Relic
유물 / 유적
Archaeologists uncovered precious religious relics buried beneath the old cathedral.
Renaissance
르네상스 / 부흥
The Italian Renaissance sparked a massive cultural and scientific revolution in Europe.
Repertoire
레퍼토리 / 연주 목록
The classical pianist added complex Beethoven sonatas to her performance repertoire.
Revival
부흥 / 부활
The gothic revival architectural movement swept across 19th-century Europe.
Ritual
의식 / 절차
Harvest festivals are traditional cultural rituals celebrated worldwide.
Romanticism
낭만주의
Romanticism celebrated intense human emotion, individualism, and sublime nature.
Saga
무용담 / 긴 이야기
Nordic sagas tell epic stories of Viking exploration and mythological gods.
Satire
풍자
Political satire uses sharp humor to criticize government leaders and social norms.
Sculpture
조각 / 조각품
Ancient Greek sculptors carved lifelike marble statues of athletes and gods.
Secular
세속적인 / 비종교적인
Renaissance art shifted gradually from strictly religious themes to secular subjects.
Serenade
세레나데 / 소야곡
Classical musicians sometimes performed romantic evening serenades outdoors.
Shrine
성지 / 성전 / 제단
Pilgrims traveled long distances to visit the sacred historical shrine.
Sketch
스케치 / 밑그림 / 약화
Leonardo da Vinci’s notebooks are filled with brilliant anatomical sketches.
Society
사회
Artistic movements often reflect the deeper psychological anxieties of their society.
Sonnet
소네트 (14행시)
William Shakespeare is world-famous for his brilliant English love sonnets.
Stained glass
스테인드글라스 (색유리 창)
Gothic cathedrals feature stunning stained glass windows depicting biblical stories.
Status
지위 / 상태
Expensive artworks were often purchased to display high social status and wealth.
Surrealism
초현실주의
Salvador Dali was a leading master of 20th-century surrealism painting.
Symbolism
상징주의 / 상징성
Religious paintings are rich in complex theological symbolism and hidden meanings.
Symphony
교향곡
Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony is celebrated as a monumental achievement in classical music.
Taboo
금기 / 금기시하다
Modern avant-garde artists often break traditional social and cultural taboos.
Tapestry
태피스트리 (직물 벽걸이)
Medieval castle walls were often hung with heavy woven woolen tapestries for warmth.
Theme
주제 / 테마
Love, betrayal, and mortality are universal themes explored in classical literature.
Tradition
전통
The annual community festival honors a centuries-old cultural tradition.
Tragedy
비극
Ancient Greek tragedies explored deep philosophical questions about human fate.
Tribal
부족의
Traditional tribal masks carry deep spiritual significance in African ceremonies.
Unearth
발굴하다 / 파내다
Archaeologists continued to unearth ancient pottery shards at the historical site.
Universal
보편적인 / 전 세계의
Great works of art communicate universal human emotions across different cultures.
Urban
도시의
The Industrial Revolution drove massive urban growth and cultural transformation.
Vanguard
선두 / 선봉
The young painters stood in the vanguard of the modern art movement.
Vernacular
토착어 / 방언 / 일상어
Writing literature in the local vernacular instead of Latin revolutionized European culture.
Vibrant
활기찬 / 생동감 있는
The local street festival showcased vibrant traditional folk dances and music.
Virtuoso
거장 / 대가
The young violinist was recognized as a musical virtuoso across Europe.
Visual
시각의 / 시각적인
Cinema is a powerful visual storytelling medium combining art and technology.
Vivid
생생한 / 선명한
The historical novel provides vivid descriptions of 18th-century street life.
Vocal
보컬의 / 목소리의
Choral music features harmonious multi-part vocal performances without instruments.
Wander
돌아다니다 / 방황하다
Ancient explorers used to wander across uncharted lands to discover new territories.
Wealth
부 / 재산
Renaissance merchant families used their immense wealth to patronize the arts.
Witness
목격하다 / 증인
Historical documents allow modern readers to witness past human struggles.
Worldview
세계관
Each historical epoch possesses a unique philosophical worldview and value system.
Worship
숭배하다 / 예배 / 숭배
Ancient monuments were often built as grand places for religious worship.
Zeal
열정 / 열의
Early archaeologists pursued their excavations with incredible academic zeal.
Absolutism
전제주의 / 절대 왕정
European history in the 17th century was largely defined by the rise of royal absolutism.
Academia
학계 / 대학가
Art historians within academia constantly debate the authenticity of newly discovered paintings.
Acclamation
갈채 / 환호
The innovative modern dance performance received widespread critical acclamation.
Acoustics
음향시설 / 음향학
Renovations were made to improve the hall’s acoustics for symphonic orchestra concerts.
Allegorical
우화적인 / 풍부한 비유의
Renaissance religious artworks are packed with complex allegorical meanings.
Altarpiece
제단화 (제단 뒤에 장식하는 그림)
Medieval European churches often commissioned grand wooden altarpieces from master painters.
Amphitheater
원형 극장 / 투기장
Ancient Roman gladiatorial games and plays were held in large stone amphitheaters.
Annalist
연대기 작가
Ancient Chinese annalists recorded court events and imperial decisions meticulously.
Anthology
작품집 / 선집
The publishing house released a special anthology of 19th-century romantic poetry.
Anthropology
인류학
Cultural anthropology studies human societies, ancient traditions, and social behaviors.
Antiquity
고대 / 고물
Greek and Roman antiquity laid the intellectual foundation for Western civilization.
Aperture
구멍 / (카메라의) 조리개
Early photographers had to carefully control lens aperture to manage exposure time.
Aqueduct
수도교 / 수로
Roman engineering monuments included massive stone aqueducts supplying water to cities.
Arcade
아케이드 (아치로 둘러싸인 회랑)
Historic European town squares featured elegant stone archways and covered arcades.
Archival
기록 보관소의 / 기록의
Historians relied heavily on newly unsealed archival documents to rewrite the biography.
Aristocracy
귀족 계급 / 귀족 정정
European royal courts and high aristocracy were major patrons of classical music.
Armory
무기고
Medieval castle armories stored shields, swords, and suits of iron armor.
Artifacts
유물 / 인공물
Archaeologists excavated ancient ceramic artifacts buried beneath the temple floors.
Artisanal
장인 정신의 / 수공예의
Traditional pottery markets celebrate local artisanal techniques passed down through centuries.
Atrium
아트리움 / 안뜰
Roman classical villas were designed around a central open-air architectural atrium.
Autobiography
자서전
The famous historical figure penned a revealing autobiography detailing his political career.
Avant-gardism
아방가르드 미술 운동 / 전위주의
Twentieth-century avant-gardism rejected traditional academic painting constraints completely.
Balladeer
음유시인 / 발라드 가수
Traveling medieval balladeers sang stories of romantic legends and tragic wars.
Baptistery
세례당
Italian medieval cities built separate architectural structures known as baptisteries.
Basilica
바실리카 (고대 로마의 공공건물 / 대성당 양식)
Early Christian basilicas served as large public gathering places for religious worship.
Bazaar
시장 / 상가
Ancient Silk Road trade routes were famous for bustling local textile bazaars.
Bestiary
동물 우화집 (중세의 동물 도감)
Medieval manuscripts often featured illustrated bestiaires detailing real and mythical beasts.
Bourgeoisie
부르주아지 / 중산 계급
The rise of the urban bourgeoisie in Europe fueled a demand for portrait painting.
Bronze Age
청동기 시대
Archaeological excavations revealed complex tool-making developments during the Bronze Age.
Byzantine
비잔틴의 / 복잡한
Byzantine art is characterized by glowing gold mosaics and solemn religious icons.
Calligraphy
서예 / 캘리그라피
Traditional East Asian scholarship placed immense value on elegant brush calligraphy.
Caliphate
칼리프 국가 / 칼리프 통치
The medieval Islamic caliphate fostered unprecedented scientific and cultural expansion.
Cameo
카메오 (돋을새김 보석) / 단역 출연
Ancient Roman artisans carved intricate portraits on layered precious stone cameos.
Capitalism
자본주의
Economic history traces how global capitalism transformed modern industrial societies.
Cartography
지도 제작술
Age of Exploration maritime cartography advanced rapidly due to new navigation tools.
Cataclysm
대격변 / 대참사
The historical collapse of the Bronze Age empire was triggered by a sudden social cataclysm.
Cathedral
대성당
European Gothic cathedrals took centuries of cooperative labor and master craftsmanship to build.
Centennial
100년 기념의 / 1주년의
The national history museum hosted a special centennial exhibition of founding documents.
Ceramics
도예 / 도자기류
Ancient Chinese dynasty ceramics are globally prized for their delicate glazes.
Chivalry
기사도
Medieval European literature glorified the romantic codes of knightly honor and chivalry.
Choral
합창의
Classical sacred music heavily relies on complex multi-voice choral arrangements.
Chronology
연대순 / 연대학
Historians establish a strict historical chronology to track ancient political events.
Cinematic
영화의 / 영화 같은
The historical film was praised for its stunning visual storytelling and cinematic brilliance.
Classical
고전의 / 클래식의
Classical Greek philosophy continues to influence modern Western ethical systems.
Clergy
성직자들
Medieval European clergy played a powerful role in preserving literacy and classical texts.
Codex
고대 필사본 책 / 법전
Mayan codices contained complex astronomical calendars and historical records.
Colonialism
식민주의
Historical studies analyze the deep cultural impacts of 19th-century European colonialism.
Colosseum
콜로세움 / 대형 경기장
The Roman Colosseum stands as an iconic architectural wonder of antiquity.
Commemoration
기념 / 추모
Public monuments are erected as a solemn commemoration of historic national victories.
Conservatism
보수주의
Political history examines how traditional conservatism opposed rapid revolutionary changes.
Consort
배우자 (군주의) / (악기) 콘소트
Renaissance musical performances often featured a consort of wooden wind instruments.
Cosmology
우주론 / 우주 생성론
Ancient cultural mythologies embedded complex religious models of cosmic creation and cosmology.
Counterpoint
대위법 / 대조
Baroque classical music is famous for its intricate melodic counterpoint structures.
Couture
맞춤복 의상 / 오트쿠튀르
Fashion history views French haute couture as a major high-art cultural expression.
Cradle
요람 / 발상지
The fertile river valley is historically recognized as the cradle of human agriculture.
Creed
신조 / 신념
Historical societies were frequently unified by a shared religious or political creed.
Crypt
지하 납골당 / 성당 지하 예배실
Medieval kings and bishops were historically buried inside sacred cathedral crypts.
Cuneiform
설형문자 (쐐기문자)
Mesopotamian scribes used clay tablets to press complex cuneiform writing symbols.
Curator
큐레이터 / 학예연구사
Museum curators select historic artworks to curate engaging themed exhibitions.
Cyclopean
거석의 / 거대한
Ancient Mediterranean fortresses featured massive cyclopean stone wall construction.
Declamation
열변 / 웅변 / 낭독
Classical theatrical training emphasized powerful vocal declamation and emotional delivery.
Decorative
장식적인
Islamic medieval architecture is renowned for its intricate geometric decorative arts.
Degradation
퇴화 / 저하 / 품위 손상
Environmental pollution accelerates the natural structural degradation of ancient monuments.
Democracy
민주주의
Ancient Athens is historically celebrated as the birthplace of early direct democracy.
Depiction
묘사
Realistic artistic depictions of working-class life emerged during the 19th century.
Despotism
전제 정치 / 독재
Enlightenment philosophers strongly criticized political despotism and absolute monarchy.
Diocese
교구 (주교의 관할 구역)
Medieval European church administrative records were organized by regional dioceses.
Diorama
디오라마 (입체 모형 전시)
Natural history museums use detailed dioramas to illustrate prehistoric animal habitats.
Dissonance
불협화음 / 부조화
Modern 20th-century classical music embraced harmonic dissonance over traditional resolution.
Dogma
교리 / 독단적 신념
The European Reformation challenged established religious dogma and church authority.
Domination
지배 / 우세
Ancient history is largely a chronicle of imperial territorial expansion and political domination.
Dynasty
왕조
The ruling dynasty commissioned grand royal tombs to cement their political legacy.
Ecclesiastical
교회의 / 성직자의
Medieval European art and architecture were largely dominated by ecclesiastical themes.
Egalitarianism
평등주의
Modern democratic revolutions promoted social egalitarianism and universal human rights.
Emblem
상징 / 상징물
The laurel wreath served as a classic historical emblem of victory and poetic achievement.
Empiricism
경험주의
The Scientific Revolution championed philosophical empiricism and observable data testing.
Enactment
법률 제정 / (연극 등의) 상연
Historical village festivals often feature traditional reenactments of medieval legal enactments.
Enlightenment
계몽주의 / 각성
The Age of Enlightenment sparked critical thinking and challenged traditional authorities.
Epicureanism
에피쿠로스학파 (쾌락주의 철학)
Classical Greek philosophy included epicureanism, which valued mental tranquility and simple pleasures.
Epigraph
비문 / 제명 (책머리의 인용구)
Ancient stone monuments often carried a clear historical epigraph carved in Latin.
Epitaph
비명 / 묘비명
Historical cemeteries feature touching literary epitaphs remembering deceased poets and heroes.
Escapism
도피주의
Artistic movements during wartime periods sometimes reflected a strong cultural desire for escapism.
Esthetics
미학
Philosophers of art study esthetics to define the true nature of beauty and artistic value.
Ethnicity
민족 / 인종
Anthropological histories examine how diverse human groups interacted across different ethnicities.
Etymology
어원 / 어원학
Linguistic historians study word etymology to trace cultural migrations across continents.
Evocation
환기 / 불러일으킴
Impressionist paintings are praised for their lyrical evocation of gentle morning light.
Exaltation
기쁨 / 의기양양함 / 찬미
Romantic poetry expressed an emotional exaltation of sublime natural scenery.
Exhibitionism
자기 과시욕 / 노출증
Some modern avant-garde art pieces playfully challenge cultural boundaries through artistic exhibitionism.
Exodus
대이동 / 탈출
Biblical history details the massive historical exodus of ancient Israelites from Egypt.
Expression
표현 / 표현력
Art history tracks how human emotional expression evolved across different painting movements.
Fable
우화
Oral folklore traditions preserved traditional animal fables designed to impart moral wisdom.
Faction
파벌 / 당파
Political history books document intense rivalries between royal court political factions.
Fallacy
오류 / 허위의 생각
Historians debunk the common historical fallacy that medieval people were entirely uneducated.
Feminism
페미니즘 / 여성주의
Modern art history re-evaluates overlooked female painters through the lens of feminism.
Feudal
봉건제의 / 봉건 시대의
European feudal lords built stone keeps and castles to secure regional territory.
Fictionalization
허구화 / 소설화
Historical novels involve the careful fictionalization of real biographical events.
Filial
자식의 / 효도의
Traditional East Asian historical texts emphasized filial piety and family loyalty.
Folklorist
민속학자
Folklorists traveled across rural villages to record traditional songs and oral myths.
Frescos
프레스코 벽화들
Renaissance chapels feature vibrant, wet-plaster frescos painted by master artists.
Absolutism
전제주의 / 절대 왕정
European history in the 17th century was largely defined by the rise of royal absolutism.
Academia
학계 / 대학가
Art historians within academia constantly debate the authenticity of newly discovered paintings.
Acclamation
갈채 / 환호
The innovative modern dance performance received widespread critical acclamation.
Acoustics
음향시설 / 음향학
Renovations were made to improve the hall’s acoustics for symphonic orchestra concerts.
Allegorical
우화적인 / 풍부한 비유의
Renaissance religious artworks are packed with complex allegorical meanings.
Altarpiece
제단화 (제단 뒤에 장식하는 그림)
Medieval European churches often commissioned grand wooden altarpieces from master painters.
Amphitheater
원형 극장 / 투기장
Ancient Roman gladiatorial games and plays were held in large stone amphitheaters.
Annalist
연대기 작가
Ancient Chinese annalists recorded court events and imperial decisions meticulously.
Anthology
작품집 / 선집
The publishing house released a special anthology of 19th-century romantic poetry.
Anthropology
인류학
Cultural anthropology studies human societies, ancient traditions, and social behaviors.
Antiquity
고대 / 고물
Greek and Roman antiquity laid the intellectual foundation for Western civilization.
Aperture
구멍 / (카메라의) 조리개
Early photographers had to carefully control lens aperture to manage exposure time.
Aqueduct
수도교 / 수로
Roman engineering monuments included massive stone aqueducts supplying water to cities.
Arcade
아케이드 (아치로 둘러싸인 회랑)
Historic European town squares featured elegant stone archways and covered arcades.
Archival
기록 보관소의 / 기록의
Historians relied heavily on newly unsealed archival documents to rewrite the biography.
Aristocracy
귀족 계급 / 귀족 정정
European royal courts and high aristocracy were major patrons of classical music.
Armory
무기고
Medieval castle armories stored shields, swords, and suits of iron armor.
Artifacts
유물 / 인공물
Archaeologists excavated ancient ceramic artifacts buried beneath the temple floors.
Artisanal
장인 정신의 / 수공예의
Traditional pottery markets celebrate local artisanal techniques passed down through centuries.
Atrium
아트리움 / 안뜰
Roman classical villas were designed around a central open-air architectural atrium.
Autobiography
자서전
The famous historical figure penned a revealing autobiography detailing his political career.
Avant-gardism
아방가르드 미술 운동 / 전위주의
Twentieth-century avant-gardism rejected traditional academic painting constraints completely.
Balladeer
음유시인 / 발라드 가수
Traveling medieval balladeers sang stories of romantic legends and tragic wars.
Baptistery
세례당
Italian medieval cities built separate architectural structures known as baptisteries.
Basilica
바실리카 (고대 로마의 공공건물 / 대성당 양식)
Early Christian basilicas served as large public gathering places for religious worship.
Bazaar
시장 / 상가
Ancient Silk Road trade routes were famous for bustling local textile bazaars.
Bestiary
동물 우화집 (중세의 동물 도감)
Medieval manuscripts often featured illustrated bestiaires detailing real and mythical beasts.
Bourgeoisie
부르주아지 / 중산 계급
The rise of the urban bourgeoisie in Europe fueled a demand for portrait painting.
Bronze Age
청동기 시대
Archaeological excavations revealed complex tool-making developments during the Bronze Age.
Byzantine
비잔틴의 / 복잡한
Byzantine art is characterized by glowing gold mosaics and solemn religious icons.
Calligraphy
서예 / 캘리그라피
Traditional East Asian scholarship placed immense value on elegant brush calligraphy.
Caliphate
칼리프 국가 / 칼리프 통치
The medieval Islamic caliphate fostered unprecedented scientific and cultural expansion.
Cameo
카메오 (돋을새김 보석) / 단역 출연
Ancient Roman artisans carved intricate portraits on layered precious stone cameos.
Capitalism
자본주의
Economic history traces how global capitalism transformed modern industrial societies.
Cartography
지도 제작술
Age of Exploration maritime cartography advanced rapidly due to new navigation tools.
Cataclysm
대격변 / 대참사
The historical collapse of the Bronze Age empire was triggered by a sudden social cataclysm.
Cathedral
대성당
European Gothic cathedrals took centuries of cooperative labor and master craftsmanship to build.
Centennial
100년 기념의 / 1주년의
The national history museum hosted a special centennial exhibition of founding documents.
Ceramics
도예 / 도자기류
Ancient Chinese dynasty ceramics are globally prized for their delicate glazes.
Chivalry
기사도
Medieval European literature glorified the romantic codes of knightly honor and chivalry.
Choral
합창의
Classical sacred music heavily relies on complex multi-voice choral arrangements.
Chronology
연대순 / 연대학
Historians establish a strict historical chronology to track ancient political events.
Cinematic
영화의 / 영화 같은
The historical film was praised for its stunning visual storytelling and cinematic brilliance.
Classical
고전의 / 클래식의
Classical Greek philosophy continues to influence modern Western ethical systems.
Clergy
성직자들
Medieval European clergy played a powerful role in preserving literacy and classical texts.
Codex
고대 필사본 책 / 법전
Mayan codices contained complex astronomical calendars and historical records.
Colonialism
식민주의
Historical studies analyze the deep cultural impacts of 19th-century European colonialism.
Colosseum
콜로세움 / 대형 경기장
The Roman Colosseum stands as an iconic architectural wonder of antiquity.
Commemoration
기념 / 추모
Public monuments are erected as a solemn commemoration of historic national victories.
Conservatism
보수주의
Political history examines how traditional conservatism opposed rapid revolutionary changes.
Consort
배우자 (군주의) / (악기) 콘소트
Renaissance musical performances often featured a consort of wooden wind instruments.
Cosmology
우주론 / 우주 생성론
Ancient cultural mythologies embedded complex religious models of cosmic creation and cosmology.
Counterpoint
대위법 / 대조
Baroque classical music is famous for its intricate melodic counterpoint structures.
Couture
맞춤복 의상 / 오트쿠튀르
Fashion history views French haute couture as a major high-art cultural expression.
Cradle
요람 / 발상지
The fertile river valley is historically recognized as the cradle of human agriculture.
Creed
신조 / 신념
Historical societies were frequently unified by a shared religious or political creed.
Crypt
지하 납골당 / 성당 지하 예배실
Medieval kings and bishops were historically buried inside sacred cathedral crypts.
Cuneiform
설형문자 (쐐기문자)
Mesopotamian scribes used clay tablets to press complex cuneiform writing symbols.
Curator
큐레이터 / 학예연구사
Museum curators select historic artworks to curate engaging themed exhibitions.
Cyclopean
거석의 / 거대한
Ancient Mediterranean fortresses featured massive cyclopean stone wall construction.
Declamation
열변 / 웅변 / 낭독
Classical theatrical training emphasized powerful vocal declamation and emotional delivery.
Decorative
장식적인
Islamic medieval architecture is renowned for its intricate geometric decorative arts.
Degradation
퇴화 / 저하 / 품위 손상
Environmental pollution accelerates the natural structural degradation of ancient monuments.
Democracy
민주주의
Ancient Athens is historically celebrated as the birthplace of early direct democracy.
Depiction
묘사
Realistic artistic depictions of working-class life emerged during the 19th century.
Despotism
전제 정치 / 독재
Enlightenment philosophers strongly criticized political despotism and absolute monarchy.
Diocese
교구 (주교의 관할 구역)
Medieval European church administrative records were organized by regional dioceses.
Diorama
디오라마 (입체 모형 전시)
Natural history museums use detailed dioramas to illustrate prehistoric animal habitats.
Dissonance
불협화음 / 부조화
Modern 20th-century classical music embraced harmonic dissonance over traditional resolution.
Dogma
교리 / 독단적 신념
The European Reformation challenged established religious dogma and church authority.
Domination
지배 / 우세
Ancient history is largely a chronicle of imperial territorial expansion and political domination.
Dynasty
왕조
The ruling dynasty commissioned grand royal tombs to cement their political legacy.
Ecclesiastical
교회의 / 성직자의
Medieval European art and architecture were largely dominated by ecclesiastical themes.
Egalitarianism
평등주의
Modern democratic revolutions promoted social egalitarianism and universal human rights.
Emblem
상징 / 상징물
The laurel wreath served as a classic historical emblem of victory and poetic achievement.
Empiricism
경험주의
The Scientific Revolution championed philosophical empiricism and observable data testing.
Enactment
법률 제정 / (연극 등의) 상연
Historical village festivals often feature traditional reenactments of medieval legal enactments.
Enlightenment
계몽주의 / 각성
The Age of Enlightenment sparked critical thinking and challenged traditional authorities.
Epicureanism
에피쿠로스학파 (쾌락주의 철학)
Classical Greek philosophy included epicureanism, which valued mental tranquility and simple pleasures.
Epigraph
비문 / 제명 (책머리의 인용구)
Ancient stone monuments often carried a clear historical epigraph carved in Latin.
Epitaph
비명 / 묘비명
Historical cemeteries feature touching literary epitaphs remembering deceased poets and heroes.
Escapism
도피주의
Artistic movements during wartime periods sometimes reflected a strong cultural desire for escapism.
Esthetics
미학
Philosophers of art study esthetics to define the true nature of beauty and artistic value.
Ethnicity
민족 / 인종
Anthropological histories examine how diverse human groups interacted across different ethnicities.
Etymology
어원 / 어원학
Linguistic historians study word etymology to trace cultural migrations across continents.
Evocation
환기 / 불러일으킴
Impressionist paintings are praised for their lyrical evocation of gentle morning light.
Exaltation
기쁨 / 의기양양함 / 찬미
Romantic poetry expressed an emotional exaltation of sublime natural scenery.
Exhibitionism
자기 과시욕 / 노출증
Some modern avant-garde art pieces playfully challenge cultural boundaries through artistic exhibitionism.
Exodus
대이동 / 탈출
Biblical history details the massive historical exodus of ancient Israelites from Egypt.
Expression
표현 / 표현력
Art history tracks how human emotional expression evolved across different painting movements.
Fable
우화
Oral folklore traditions preserved traditional animal fables designed to impart moral wisdom.
Faction
파벌 / 당파
Political history books document intense rivalries between royal court political factions.
Fallacy
오류 / 허위의 생각
Historians debunk the common historical fallacy that medieval people were entirely uneducated.
Feminism
페미니즘 / 여성주의
Modern art history re-evaluates overlooked female painters through the lens of feminism.
Feudal
봉건제의 / 봉건 시대의
European feudal lords built stone keeps and castles to secure regional territory.
Fictionalization
허구화 / 소설화
Historical novels involve the careful fictionalization of real biographical events.
Filial
자식의 / 효도의
Traditional East Asian historical texts emphasized filial piety and family loyalty.
Folklorist
민속학자
Folklorists traveled across rural villages to record traditional songs and oral myths.
Frescos
프레스코 벽화들
Renaissance chapels feature vibrant, wet-plaster frescos painted by master artists.