원하는 규칙의 탭을 누르고 단어 카드를 클릭하여 원어민 소리를 들어보세요.
Ambiguous
모호한 / 두 가지 뜻으로 해석되는
The instructions given by the manager were somewhat ambiguous, leaving the team confused.
Perceive
인지하다 / 알아차리다 / 감지하다
Animals are often able to perceive subtle changes in the weather much earlier than humans.
Cognitive
인지의 / 인지적인
Regular mental exercises can help prevent cognitive decline as people age.
Ambivalence
양가감정 / 상반된 감정이 공존하는 상태
She felt a deep ambivalence about accepting the promotion and moving abroad.
Paradox
역설 / 패러독스
It is a curious paradox that drinking hot tea can sometimes make you feel cooler.
Empirical
경험적인 / 실증적인 (실험과 관찰에 기반한)
The scientist provided empirical evidence from years of fieldwork to support his theory.
Inherent
내재하는 / 타고난 / 고유한
Every form of investment carries an inherent risk of losing financial capital.
Implicit
암묵적인 / 은연중에 내포된
There was an implicit agreement among the team members that no one would leave early.
Explicit
명시적인 / 분명한 / 뚜렷한
The contract contains explicit instructions regarding the intellectual property rights.
Intuit
직관하다 / 직감적으로 알다
Experienced teachers can often intuit when a student is struggling with personal issues.
Rationalize
합리화하다
He tried to rationalize his failure by blaming the unexpected bad weather conditions.
Subjective
주관적인
Art appreciation is highly subjective, as beauty depends entirely on the beholder.
Objective
객관적인 / 공정한
A judge must remain completely objective and base the verdict solely on verified facts.
Subconscious
잠재의식 / 잠재의식의
Dreams are often thought to be a vivid reflection of our subconscious desires.
Aesthetic
미적인 / 미학의
The building design was praised not just for utility, but also for its aesthetic value.
Allocate
할당하다 / 배분하다
The city council decided to allocate more funds to improve the public healthcare system.
Fluctuate
변동하다 / 요동치다 / 오르내리다
Stock market prices tend to fluctuate wildly depending on global political stability.
Conventional
관습적인 / 전통적인 / 틀에 박힌
The organic farm rejected conventional agriculture methods and avoided all chemical pesticides.
Sustainable
지속 가능한 (환경을 고갈시키지 않는)
The government is heavily investing in wind energy as a sustainable power source.
Contemporary
동시대의 / 현대의
The museum exhibits work from both historical masters and contemporary artists.
Negotiate
협상하다 / 교섭하다
The labor union is preparing to negotiate with management for better working hours.
Monopoly
독점 / 독점 상품
The tech giant was accused of maintaining a strict monopoly over the browser industry.
Deficit
적자 / 부족액
The government is taking urgent measures to reduce the national budget deficit.
Surplus
흑자 / 과잉 / 잉여량
Due to an unexpected bumper harvest, the country has a massive agricultural surplus.
Inflation
인플레이션 / 물가 상승
Rising energy costs triggered rapid inflation, making basic groceries more expensive.
Fiscal
국가 재정의 / 회계의
The company announced record-breaking revenue figures for the third fiscal quarter.
Sanction
제재 / 인가 / 제재를 가하다
The international organization imposed economic sanctions on the nation for violating treaties.
Legislate
법률을 제정하다
The parliament plans to legislate strict laws to protect user data privacy online.
Welfare
복지 / 후생
The newly elected prime minister promised to boost social welfare programs for seniors.
Infrastructure
사회 기반 시설 / 인프라
Developing nations need massive investments to build up basic transportation infrastructure.
Hypothesis
가설 / 추정
The research team set up a rigorous experiment to test their working hypothesis.
Metabolism
신진대사 / 물질대사
Regular cardiovascular exercise helps boost your metabolism and burn energy faster.
Innovative
혁신적인 / 획기적인
The company introduced an innovative battery tech that charges devices in seconds.
Phenomenon
현상 (인식할 수 있는 사건이나 사실)
The northern lights are a spectacular natural phenomenon caused by solar winds.
Accumulate
축적하다 / 모으다
Dust and dirt can easily accumulate under heavy living room furniture if not cleaned.
Deplete
고갈시키다 / 대폭 감소시키다
Overfishing threatens to completely deplete the oceans of vital marine resources.
Vulnerable
취약한 / 상처받기 쉬운
Coastal cities are highly vulnerable to rising sea levels caused by global warming.
Synthetic
합성의 / 인조의
Synthetic fibers like nylon are durable but less breathable than pure cotton.
Catalyst
촉매 / 자극제 (변화를 유도하는 것)
The manager's inspiring speech acted as a catalyst for a sudden surge in team productivity.
Evolution
진화 / 점진적인 발전
The exhibition traces the fascinating evolution of mobile phones over the past decades.
Mutation
돌연변이
A genetic mutation caused the laboratory mice to develop a resistance to the virus.
Equilibrium
평형 / 균형 상태
Yoga practice aims to restore a healthy equilibrium between the human mind and body.
Velocity
속도 / 속력 (방향성이 포함된 속도)
The rocket gained immense velocity as it broke free from the Earth's gravity.
Verify
입증하다 / 확인하다 / 증명하다
The bank requires two-factor authentication to verify your identity securely.
Eradicate
근절하다 / 뿌리 뽑다
Global health campaigns aim to completely eradicate contagious diseases via vaccination.
Persistent
끈질긴 / 집요한 / 지속적인
Despite numerous initial failures, his persistent efforts eventually led to a breakthrough.
Consequence
결과 / 여파 / 중요성
Every single choice you make today will have a lasting consequence on your future.
Integrity
도덕적 고결성 / 진실성 / 온전함
A leader must act with absolute integrity, never sacrificing principles for personal gain.
Altruism
이타주의 / 이타심
The volunteers life story was a beautiful demonstration of pure, selfless altruism.
Compromise
타협하다 / 손상시키다 / 타협
To reach an agreement, both political parties had to compromise on minor details.
Abstract
추상적인 / 관념적인 / 요약 / 추출하다
The philosopher based his entire theory on an abstract concept that was hard to visualize.
Infallible
결코 틀리지 않는 / 절대 무결한
No human computer system is completely infallible; errors are bound to happen eventually.
Cognition
인지 / 인식 / 지각
Scientists are studying how environmental factors affect human cognition during early childhood.
Axiom
자명한 이치 / 공리(公理)
The mathematical proof begins with a simple axiom that everyone accepts as true.
Dogma
독단적인 신념 / 교리(敎理)
True scientific inquiry requires questioning established dogma rather than accepting it blindly.
Dualism
이원론 / 이중성
The philosopher explored the dualism of mind and body in his latest academic essay.
Fallacy
오류 / 그릇된 생각
It is a common fallacy to assume that money alone can guarantee lifelong happiness.
Intangible
무형의 / 만질 수 없는 / 막연한
Company culture is an intangible asset that deeply influences overall productivity.
Manifest
명백히 하다 / 드러내다 / 명백한
The dynamic symptoms of the viral disease began to manifest themselves within a few hours.
Nuance
뉘앙스 / 미묘한 차이
A skilled translator must capture every subtle nuance of the speaker’s original words.
Orthodox
정통의 / 전통적인 / 공인된
The young doctor challenged orthodox medical practices by introducing a new therapy.
Pragmatic
실용적인 / 실무적인
They took a pragmatic approach to the problem, focusing on quick and realistic solutions.
Rational
이성적인 / 합리적인
During a crisis, it is absolutely essential to remain calm and make a rational decision.
Skepticism
회의론 / 회의적 태도
The scientist’s wild claims were met with deep skepticism by the international community.
Speculate
추측하다 / 사색하다 / 투기하다
Journalists began to speculate about the president’s sudden decision to resign from office.
Validity
타당성 / 유효성
Further research is required to test the validity of the psychological experiment.
Absolutism
절대주의 / 전제 정치
The dynamic historical text discusses the transition from royal absolutism to democracy.
Bias
편견 / 성향 / 한쪽으로 치우치게 하다
The historical survey was designed carefully to avoid any political or cultural bias.
Criterion
기준 / 표준 (복수형: criteria)
Academic merit is the primary criterion used for awarding university scholarships.
Dialectic
변증법 / 변증법적인
The thesis explores the dialectic relationship between tradition and modernization.
Enlightenment
계몽 / 깨달음 / 현명해짐
The continuous reading of ancient literature provided great spiritual enlightenment to the author.
Intuition
직관 / 직감
She trusted her inner intuition and decided not to sign the suspicious contract.
Perspective
관점 / 시각 / 원근법
Traveling abroad opens your mind and gives you a broader perspective on global issues.
Premise
전제 / 근거 / 가옥
The advice is based on the false premise that all economies function identically.
Synthesize
합성하다 / 종합하다
The research paper attempts to synthesize multiple economic theories into one layout.
Autonomy
자율성 / 자치권
The regional province demanded greater financial autonomy from the federal government.
Bureaucracy
관료주의 / 관료 체제
The corporate merger was severely delayed due to excessive red tape and bureaucracy.
Anarchy
무정부 상태 / 사회적 혼란
When the police force went on a sudden strike, the city descended into complete anarchy.
Coalition
연합 / 제휴 / 연립 정부
Two minor political parties formed a strong coalition to win the upcoming election.
Decree
법령 / 포고 / 판결하다
The temporary military government issued a decree banning all overnight public gatherings.
Discrepancy
모순 / 불일치 / 차이
Auditors discovered a major financial discrepancy between the two bank balance sheets.
Egalitarian
평등주의의 / 평등주의자
The new political movement advocates for a more egalitarian distribution of national wealth.
Franchise
참정권 / 선거권 / 가맹점 영업권
The historical exhibition honors the brave women who fought for democratic franchise.
Hegemony
주도권 / 헤게모니 / 패권
The economic superpower has maintained its heavy hegemony over global trade routes.
Impeach
탄핵하다 / 고발하다 / 의문을 제기하다
The supreme parliament voted unanimously to impeach the corrupt president.
Jurisdiction
관할권 / 사법권
The local cyber police force has no legal jurisdiction over international crimes.
Mandate
권한 / 지시 / 명령하다
The landmark election victory gave the governor a clear mandate to reform healthcare.
Sovereignty
주권 / 통치권
The small island nation fiercely defended its territorial sovereignty against invaders.
Tyranny
폭정 / 압제
The brave citizens overthrew the regime to put a permanent end to centuries of tyranny.
Veto
거부권 / 금지 / 거부권을 행사하다
The president decided to exercise his constitutional veto against the proposed bill.
Abolish
폐지하다
The country decided to abolish the capital punishment system entirely next year.
Amend
개정하다 / 수정하다
The national assembly voted to amend the ancient constitution to secure civil rights.
Censorship
검열 / 검열 제도
Strict internet censorship prevents citizens from accessing alternative media sites.
Diplomacy
외교 / 외교술
International disputes should be resolved through open diplomacy rather than force.
Enact
법률을 제정하다 / 상연하다
The administration intends to enact a law that penalizes carbon emissions heavily.
Judiciary
사법부 / 법관
The independence of the judiciary is a fundamental pillar of a healthy democracy.
Monarchy
군주제 / 군주 국가
The country transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a modern constitutional one.
Ratify
비준하다 / 승인하다
The parliament is expected to ratify the global environmental treaty this week.
Regime
정권 / 제도 / 체제
The economic sanctions aimed to weaken the military regime’s control over assets.
Sanctuary
보호구역 / 피난처 / 신성한 장소
The dense wetland forest acts as a safe sanctuary for endangered migratory birds.
Austere
긴축의 / 엄격한 / 소박한
The government introduced severe austere measures to control national debt accumulation.
Commodity
상품 / 원자재 / 일용품
Crude oil remains the most heavily traded energy commodity on the global market.
Asset
자산 / 재산 / 장점
Fluency in multiple foreign languages is a valuable asset in global marketing.
Liability
부채 / 법적 책임 / 부담
The auditing company listed the outstanding loans as a long-term liability.
Fiscal year
회계 연도
The corporate annual financial report is published at the end of the fiscal year.
Gains
이익 / 이득 / 수확
The tech startup reported massive capital gains after selling its mobile patents.
Recession
경기 침체 / 불황
During a severe economic recession, consumer spending drops across all sectors.
Revenue
매출 / 수입 / 세입
The popular streaming platform generated record revenue through digital ads.
Subsidy
보조금 / 장려금
The state provides a generous financial subsidy to farmers growing organic crops.
Tariff
관세 / 요금표
The government imposed a new tariff on imported steel to protect domestic mills.
Volatile
변덕스러운 / 휘발성의 / 불안한
Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile, with values changing in minutes.
Affluence
풍요 / 부유함
The rapid growth of the tech industry brought unprecedented affluence to the city.
Capitalism
자본주의
The textbook analyzes the development of free-market capitalism in western nations.
Depreciation
가치 하락 / 화폐 감가상각
The sudden depreciation of the local currency made all imported goods expensive.
Dividend
배당금 / 상금
The company pays a quarterly cash dividend to its loyal long-term shareholders.
Leverage
지레의 작용 / 영향력 / 활용하다
The corporate firm sought to leverage its strong brand image to enter Asian markets.
Liquidity
자산의 유동성 / 환금성
Cash possesses the highest level of liquidity among all financial assets.
Stagnation
경기 정체 / 침체 / 고임
The country is struggling to overcome a decade of economic and wage stagnation.
Consolidate
통합하다 / 결합하다 / 강화하다
The two pharmaceutical companies merged to consolidate their research networks.
Solvency
지불 능력 / 상환 능력
The independent audit proved the absolute financial solvency of the insurance firm.
Speculation
추측 / 심사숙고 / 투기 거래
Wild real estate speculation drove housing prices up beyond affordable limits.
Audit
회계 감사 / 검사 / 감사를 실시하다
The tax office conducted a thorough financial audit of the multinational firm.
Logistics
물류 / 실행 계획 / 병참
The e-commerce firm invested in AI to optimize its global delivery logistics.
Quarantine
격리 / 검역 / 격리하다
All imported livestock must undergo a strict quarantine at the border port.
Quota
할당량 / 쿼터
The international fishing agreement sets a strict annual catch quota for tuna.
Anatomy
해부학 / 신체 구조 / 분석
Medical students must master human anatomy before performing complex operations.
Anomaly
이상 / 예외 / 이례적인 것
A strange temperature anomaly was detected in the arctic ocean waters.
Apparatus
기구 / 장치 / 조직
The laboratory is fully equipped with modern safety apparatus for chemicals.
Component
구성 요소 / 부품
The microchip is a critical component of the autonomous vehicle system.
Correlation
상관관계 / 연관성
Studies show a direct positive correlation between fitness levels and sleep quality.
Diffusion
확산 / 유포 / 보급
The invention of the printing press accelerated the diffusion of knowledge.
Empirical data
실증적 데이터 / 경험적 자료
The academic thesis relies heavily on empirical data collected via surveys.
Hypothetical
가상의 / 가설의 / 조건부의
The professor used a hypothetical scenario to explain the complex legal rule.
Kinetic
운동의 / 운동에 의해 생기는
Wind mills convert the kinetic energy of air currents into electricity.
Metamorphic
변형된 / 변성의 (암석 등)
Marble is a classic example of metamorphic rock formed from limestone.
Nucleus
핵 / 중심 / 핵심 그룹
The tiny nucleus contains the vast majority of an atom’s total mass.
Oscillate
진동하다 / 동요하다 / 오르내리다
The economic indicators oscillate continually between growth and contraction.
Paradigm
패러다임 / 전형적인 예 / 이론적 틀
Quantum physics created a massive new paradigm in modern scientific thought.
Permeate
스며들다 / 침투하다 / 퍼지다
The subtle scent of pine trees began to permeate the entire log cabin.
Precipitation
강수량 / 강우 / 침전
The dynamic mountain region experiences high annual precipitation in winter.
Resilience
탄력 / 회복력 / 복원력
The local ecosystem showed amazing resilience after the devastating forest fire.
Simulate
시뮬레이션하다 / 모의 실험하다 / 흉내 내다
Pilots train using advanced software designed to simulate flight emergencies.
Spectrum
스펙트럼 / 범위 / 분광
The treatment is effective against a broad spectrum of bacterial infections.
Symbiosis
공생 / 공생 관계
The relationship between bees and blooming flowers is a perfect symbiosis.
Synthesis
종합 / 합성
The drug is produced through the chemical synthesis of organic compounds.
Thermodynamics
열역학
The engineering students are exploring the core laws of thermodynamics.
Trajectory
궤적 / 탄도 / 진로
Astronomers calculated the precise flight trajectory of the approaching comet.
Translucent
반투명한
The window was made of translucent glass to provide light while maintaining privacy.
Viscosity
점성 / 점도
Honey possesses a much higher level of viscosity compared to pure water.
Wavelength
파장 / 주파수 / 사고방식
The two researchers work well together because they are on the same wavelength.
Altruistic
이타적인 / 상냥한
Her altruistic behavior inspired many young people to volunteer for global charities.
Cognitive dissonance
인지적 부조화 (생각과 행동의 불일치)
Smokers often experience cognitive dissonance because they know the habit is dangerous to health.
Empiricism
경험주의 / 실증주의
Modern scientific inquiry relies heavily on the foundations of rational empiricism.
Inherent bias
내재된 편견 / 고유한 성향
The algorithm was updated to prevent any inherent bias in the facial recognition system.
Manifestation
징후 / 발현 / 드러남
The recent public protests are a clear manifestation of deep social discontent.
Pragmatism
실용주의
The prime minister focused on political pragmatism rather than clinging to old dogmas.
Rationalization
합리화 / 효율화
Blaming the bad weather for losing the tennis match was just a weak rationalization.
Skeptical
회의적인 / 의심 많은
Many expert economists remain highly skeptical about the sudden surge in stock values.
Subjectivity
주관성
The judge tried to eliminate any personal subjectivity when grading the art competition.
Unpredictable
예측 불가능한
The dynamic weather in alpine mountain regions is notoriously unpredictable.
Ambiguous response
모호한 대답 / 애매한 반응
The spokesperson gave an ambiguous response that raised more questions than answers.
Aesthetic value
미적 가치
The ancient porcelain vase was admired for its rich historical and aesthetic value.
Inherent danger
내재된 위험 / 고유한 위험성
Extreme deep-sea diving carries an inherent danger that cannot be completely eliminated.
Implicit trust
암묵적인 신뢰
The business partners worked together seamlessly based on decades of implicit trust.
Explicit warning
명시적인 경고 / 분명한 지시
The manual provides an explicit warning against touching the internal electrical wires.
Autonomous choice
자율적인 선택
Every mature individual should have the absolute right to make an autonomous choice.
Bureaucratic red tape
관료주의적 형식주의 (불필요한 절차)
Small startups often struggle to grow due to excessive bureaucratic red tape.
Social cohesion
사회적 결속 / 유대감
Community events play a critical role in strengthening local social cohesion.
Discrepancy in data
데이터의 불일치 / 모순
The research assistant noticed a minor discrepancy in data during the lab test.
Egalitarian society
평등주의 사회
The newly formed government aimed to build a fairer, more egalitarian society.
Economic hegemony
경제적 패권 / 주도권
The vast region has managed to preserve its economic hegemony for centuries.
Territorial sovereignty
영토 주권 / 통치권
The United Nations strongly defends the territorial sovereignty of all member states.
Constitutional amendment
헌법 개정 / 수정안
The national assembly proposed a constitutional amendment to protect user privacy.
Media censorship
언론 검열
Fierce media censorship prevents citizens from accessing objective news sources.
Political regime
정치 체제 / 정권
The historical novel depicts the dramatic downfall of an authoritarian political regime.
Wildfire sanctuary
야생동물 보호구역
Hunting is strictly prohibited inside the boundaries of the natural sanctuary.
Economic recession
경기 침체 / 불황
Many small businesses were forced to close down during the global economic recession.
Government subsidy
정부 보조금
The clean energy sector relies on a government subsidy to lower initial costs.
Import tariff
수입 관세
The administration announced a new import tariff on foreign electronic cars.
Volatile market
변동성이 큰 시장 / 불안정한 장세
Investors were advised to be cautious when trading in a highly volatile market.
Integrity of character
인격의 고결함 / 정직성
He was chosen for the leadership role due to his proven integrity of character.
Selfless altruism
헌신적인 이타주의
The nurse’s lifelong dedication to the poor was a model of selfless altruism.
Reasonable compromise
합리적인 타협
After hours of intense negotiation, both parties arrived at a reasonable compromise.
Persistent effort
지속적인 노력 / 끈질긴 시도
Through persistent effort, she eventually passed the difficult bar exam.
Unintended consequence
의도치 않은 결과
The poorly planned law had an unintended consequence that hurt the middle class.
Ethical dilemma
윤리적 딜레마
The development of AI technology introduces a complex ethical dilemma for creators.
Moral obligation
도덕적 의무
We have a collective moral obligation to protect the planet for future generations.
Hypocritical stance
위선적인 태도
The politician was criticized heavily for his hypocritical stance on environmental rules.
Altruistic motive
이타적인 동기
The billionaire anonymous donation was guided purely by an altruistic motive.
Compromising position
난처한 입장 / 체면을 깎아먹는 상황
The leaking of official documents put the foreign minister in a compromising position.
Persistent problem
지속되는 문제 / 만성적 난제
Traffic congestion remains a persistent problem in major modern metropolitan areas.
Direct consequence
직접적인 결과
The flash flood was a direct consequence of the sudden record-breaking rainfall.
Uncompromising attitude
타협 없는 태도 / 완강한 자세
His uncompromising attitude during negotiations made it impossible to reach an agreement.
Ethical standard
윤리적 기준
Journalists must adhere strictly to a high ethical standard when reporting facts.
Moral imperative
도덕적 명령 / 필연 과제
Ending global child poverty should be seen as an urgent moral imperative.
Virtuous cycle
선순환
Investing in education creates a virtuous cycle that reduces poverty long-term.
Vicious cycle
악순환
High inflation can trigger a vicious cycle of rising wages and prices.
Malicious intent
악의적인 의도
The cyber security team confirmed that the software hack was done with malicious intent.
Benevolent ruler
자애로운 통치자
The ancient text praises the king for being a wise and benevolent ruler.
Altruistic act
이타적 행위
Saving a drowning stranger is a noble example of a brave altruistic act.
Conscientious objector
양심적 병역 거부자
The supreme court reviewed the case of a young conscientious objector.
Scrupulous attention
꼼꼼한 주의 / 철두철미한 검토
The lab experiments require scrupulous attention to detail to avoid contamination.
Unscrupulous merchant
부도덕한 상인 / 파렴치한 업자
The unscrupulous merchant sold fake medicines to vulnerable senior citizens.
Pragmatic strategy
실용적인 전략
The company adopted a pragmatic strategy to survive the harsh market competition.
Dogmatic approach
독단적인 접근 방식
A dogmatic approach to policy management often fails to resolve flexible crises.
Empirical validation
실증적 검증 / 경험적 확인
The newly proposed physical theory lacks sufficient empirical validation.
Aesthetic appeal
미적 매력 / 시각적 만족감
The smartphone design balances functional utility with sleek aesthetic appeal.
Cognitive process
인지 과정
Sleep deprivation severely impairs the normal human cognitive process.
Implicit bias
암묵적 편견 / 무의식적 선입견
Training programs can help corporate HR officers minimize implicit bias during interviews.
Explicit instruction
명시적인 지시 / 분명한 안내
The students failed the assignment because they ignored the explicit instructions.
Sovereign nation
주권 국가
Every sovereign nation has the legal authority to govern its internal territory.
Bureaucratic inefficiency
관료주의적 비효율성
The distribution of emergency aid was slowed down by bureaucratic inefficiency.
Egalitarian principles
평등주의 원칙
The labor unions fight for working contracts based on egalitarian principles.
Sustainable growth
지속 가능한 성장
Green business focuses on balancing corporate profit with sustainable growth.
Contemporary literature
현대 문학 / 동시대 문학
The university curriculum features a course dedicated to contemporary literature.
Anatomical structure
해부학적 구조
Biologists compared the anatomical structure of birds and theropod dinosaurs.
Statistical anomaly
통계적 이상 현상 / 수치 오류
The sudden sharp drop in sales figures was treated as a statistical anomaly.
Laboratory apparatus
실험실 기구 / 장치
Clean the laboratory apparatus thoroughly with distilled water after each use.
Essential component
필수 구성 요소 / 핵심 부품
Vitamin C is an essential component required for a healthy human immune system.
Positive correlation
양의 상관관계 / 정비례 연관성
The graph illustrates a positive correlation between studying time and test scores.
Cultural diffusion
문화적 확산 / 유포
The internet has significantly accelerated the speed of international cultural diffusion.
Hypothetical question
가정의 질문 / 가설적 물음
The interviewer asked a hypothetical question to test the candidate’s problem-solving skill.
Kinetic energy
운동 에너지
The braking system of the electric car recaptures kinetic energy to recharge batteries.
Metamorphic rock
변성암
Intense heat and underground pressure can turn sedimentary stone into metamorphic rock.
Atomic nucleus
원자핵
Protons and neutrons are bound tightly together inside the atomic nucleus.
Oscillating pattern
진동하는 패턴 / 주기적 기복
The sensor monitored the oscillating pattern of the seismic sound waves.
Paradigm shift
패러다임의 전환 (이론적 틀의 혁신)
The introduction of digital photography triggered a massive paradigm shift in the market.
Permeate the air
공기에 스며들다 / 향기가 번지다
The sweet aroma of freshly roasted coffee beans began to permeate the air.
Annual precipitation
연간 강수량
The dense tropical rainforest is famous for its high annual precipitation.
Ecosystem resilience
생태계 회복력 / 복원력
Planting diverse native tree species enhances overall ecosystem resilience.
Simulated environment
시뮬레이션된 환경 / 모의 가상 공간
Astronauts practice space walks inside a specialized underwater simulated environment.
Broad spectrum
광범위한 범위 / 스펙트럼
The dynamic research covers a broad spectrum of historical and social topics.
Symbiotic relationship
공생 관계
The clownfish and sea anemone maintain a famous mutually symbiotic relationship.
Chemical synthesis
화학적 합성
The novel plastic material is manufactured through a complex chemical synthesis.
Laws of thermodynamics
열역학 법칙
Perpetual motion machines are physically impossible because they violate the laws of thermodynamics.
Flight trajectory
비행 궤적 / 진로
Air traffic control tracked the missing aircrafts flight trajectory on radar.
Translucent material
반투명한 재료
The office partitions were built using a high-quality translucent material.
High viscosity
높은 점성 / 유동 저항
Engine oil requires a high viscosity to protect internal engine valves under heat.
Short wavelength
짧은 파장 / 높은 주파수
X-rays possess a short wavelength, allowing them to pass through dense human tissue.
Genetic mutation
유전적 돌연변이
The strange white color of the tiger was caused by a rare genetic mutation.
Dynamic equilibrium
동적 평형 / 균형 상태
An unpolluted lake ecosystem maintains a state of fragile dynamic equilibrium.
Velocity of sound
음속 / 소리의 속도
The exact velocity of sound changes depending on the air temperature and medium.
Verify credibility
신뢰성을 검증하다 / 진위 확인
Fact-checkers thoroughly review source materials to verify credibility before printing.
Eradicate poverty
빈곤을 퇴치하다 / 근절하다
The United Nations global goals prioritize projects to eradicate poverty.
Fluctuating prices
요동치는 가격 / 급변하는 요금
Fluctuating prices of raw metals make it difficult for manufacturers to budget long-term.
Resource depletion
자원 고갈
Overconsumption is accelerating resource depletion and threatening wildlife.
Vulnerable population
취약 계층 / 취약 인구
The cold winter weather heavily affects the citys vulnerable population.
Synthetic polymer
합성 고분자 / 인조 폴리머
Nylon was the first commercial synthetic polymer used to replace natural silk.
Catalytic converter
촉매 변환기 (배기가스 정화 장치)
Cars are equipped with a catalytic converter to reduce toxic gas output.
Evolutionary adaptation
진화적 적응
The long neck of the giraffe is a classic example of evolutionary adaptation.
Cognitive bias
인지적 편향 (판단 왜곡 현상)
Confirmation bias is a common cognitive bias where people only look for facts that support their views.
Subconscious desire
잠재의식적 욕구
The psychologist argued that her recurring dreams were a reflection of a subconscious desire.
Aesthetic criteria
미적 기준 / 미학적 표준
Aesthetic criteria change significantly across different cultures and historical eras.
Axiomatic truth
자명한 진리 / 공리적인 사실
The entire philosophical argument is built upon the axiomatic truth of human free will.
Logical fallacy
논리적 오류
Attacking the speaker's character instead of their argument is a classic logical fallacy.
Intangible cultural heritage
무형 문화 유산
Traditional folk songs and dances are classified as intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO.
Empirical verification
실증적 검증 / 경험적 입증
The radical physics hypothesis is brilliant but still lacks concrete empirical verification.
Inherent value
내재적 가치 / 고유한 가치
Deep ecologists believe that all living organisms possess an inherent value independent of humans.
Implicit meaning
암묵적인 의미 / 내포된 뜻
A careful reader can easily pick up on the implicit meaning hidden behind the author's metaphors.
Explicit contradiction
명백한 모순 / 명시적 반박
The witness's new testimony presented an explicit contradiction to his original statement.
Intuitive understanding
직관적인 이해 / 감각적 파악
Experienced chess grandmasters rely on intuitive understanding rather than calculating every move.
Rational choice theory
합리적 선택 이론
Rational choice theory assumes that individuals always try to maximize their personal utility.
Skeptical gaze
회의적인 시선 / 의심 어린 눈초리
The peer-review panel cast a highly skeptical gaze over the flawed laboratory data.
Theoretical framework
이론적 틀 / 프레임워크
The graduate thesis uses a Marxian theoretical framework to analyze the modern labor market.
Dialectical process
변증법적 과정
The evolution of social norms can be seen as a dialectical process of conflicting ideals.
Absolute certainty
절대적 확실성
In mathematics, theorems can be proven with absolute certainty, unlike in empirical sciences.
Subjective interpretation
주관적 해석
The grading of creative writing is inherently prone to the teacher's subjective interpretation.
Objective methodology
객관적 방법론
The research lab strictly maintains an objective methodology to eliminate personal biases.
Aesthetic perfection
미적 완벽함
The Renaissance sculpture was widely celebrated for achieving absolute aesthetic perfection.
Cognitive architecture
인지 구조 / 정신적 메커니즘
Artificial intelligence scientists try to model computer memory after human cognitive architecture.
Paradoxical result
역설적인 결과
The strict regulation produced a paradoxical result, increasing the very behavior it banned.
Infallible system
결코 틀리지 않는 시스템 / 완벽한 체계
Engineers quickly learned that designing a completely infallible system is practically impossible.
Implicit consensus
암묵적 합의
An implicit consensus emerged among the board members that the CEO needed to be replaced.
Pragmatic solution
실용적인 해결책
Instead of arguing over politics, they focused on finding a pragmatic solution to the crisis.
Dogmatic stance
독단적인 태도 / 완고한 입장
The negotiator's dogmatic stance gridlocked the peace talks for several agonizing months.
Altruistic behavior
이타적 행동
Biologists study altruistic behavior in ants to understand the evolution of social insects.
Intellectual integrity
지적 고결성 / 학문적 진실성
Admitting when your scientific hypothesis is proven wrong is a core part of intellectual integrity.
Cognitive development
인지 발달
Interactive play is crucial for the healthy cognitive development of toddlers.
Manifest desire
명백한 욕구 / 뚜렷한 갈망
The public's sudden interest in organic foods shows a manifest desire for healthier living.
Subtle nuance
미묘한 뉘앙스 / 세밀한 차이
Diplomats must carefully analyze every subtle nuance in the foreign state's official letter.
Institutional autonomy
제도적 자율성 / 기관의 독립성
The supreme court fights hard to preserve its institutional autonomy from political interference.
Bureaucratic apparatus
관료적 기구 / 정부 관료 조직
The massive bureaucratic apparatus of the ancient empire eventually became too slow to manage.
State of anarchy
무정부 상태 / 대혼란
Following the sudden collapse of the government, the nation plunged into a state of anarchy.
Governing coalition
연정 / 연립 정부 / 집권 연합
The governing coalition agreed on a new economic policy package to curb rising inflation.
Imperial decree
황제의 칙령 / 법령
The ancient monument was built following an imperial decree issued by the dynasty leader.
Egalitarian distribution
평등한 분배
The socialist group advocates for a more egalitarian distribution of corporate profits.
Universal franchise
보편적 참정권 / 보통 선거권
The country achieved universal franchise after decades of intense civil rights movements.
Global hegemony
세계적 패권 / 글로벌 주도권
The rise of new technology sectors began to challenge the traditional superpower's global hegemony.
Impeachment trial
탄핵 심판 / 탄핵 재판
The entire nation watched the historic impeachment trial of the prime minister on live TV.
Legal jurisdiction
법적 관할권 / 사법권 범위
The local police department has no legal jurisdiction over crimes committed on international waters.
Democratic mandate
민주적 권한 / 국민의 위임
Winning eighty percent of the votes gave the newly elected leader a strong democratic mandate.
National sovereignty
국가 주권
Signing the trade treaty does not mean the country is compromising its national sovereignty.
Overthrow the tyranny
폭정을 타도하다 / 압제를 무너뜨리다
The underground resistance plotted for years to finally overthrow the brutal military tyranny.
Veto power
거부권
The five permanent members of the UN Security Council possess absolute veto power.
Abolish privileges
특권을 폐지하다
The new legal reform was designed to completely abolish hereditary privileges for aristocrats.
Legislative amendment
입법 수정안 / 법률 개정안
The assembly introduced a critical legislative amendment to tighten environmental restrictions.
Strict censorship
엄격한 검열
Under strict censorship, authors had to use clever allegories to criticize the regime.
Secret diplomacy
밀실 외교 / 비밀 외교
The boundary treaty was negotiated through secret diplomacy, angering the public later.
Enact legislation
법률을 제정하다
The parliament rushed to enact legislation protecting consumers from fraudulent online shops.
Independent judiciary
독립된 사법부
An independent judiciary is absolutely vital to protect citizens from government overreach.
Constitutional monarchy
입헌 군주제
The nation operates as a constitutional monarchy where the king holds purely ceremonial duties.
Ratify a treaty
조약을 비준하다 / 승인하다
The senate met in a special late-night session to officially ratify the historic peace treaty.
Authoritarian regime
권위주의 정권 / 독재 체제
The authoritarian regime heavily restricted freedom of speech and banned public protests.
Wildlife sanctuary
야생동물 보호구역
The island was designated as a wildlife sanctuary to protect endangered sea turtles.
Bureaucratic red tape
관료주의적 형식주의 / 절차 지연
It took six long months to get a simple business permit due to bureaucratic red tape.
Egalitarian ideals
평등주의적 이상 / 평등주의 사상
The university students were deeply inspired by the egalitarian ideals of the early philosophers.
Sovereign authority
주권적 권위 / 절대적 통치권
The tribal council maintained sovereign authority over the mountain territory for ages.
Censorship laws
검열법
The human rights group fiercely campaigned to strike down the oppressive censorship laws.
Diplomatic immunity
외교적 면책 특권
Ambassadors are granted diplomatic immunity to ensure they can work without local harassment.
Judicial review
사법 심사 / 위헌 법률 심판
The controversial new immigration law is currently undergoing a strict judicial review.
Absolute monarchy
전제 군주제 / 절대 왕정
The historic revolution marked the painful end of absolute monarchy in the western nation.
Oppressive regime
억압적인 정권 / 압제 체제
Thousands of refugees fled across the border to escape the wrath of the oppressive regime.
Safe sanctuary
안전한 피난처 / 보호구역
The local church provided a safe sanctuary for families displaced by the sudden civil war.
Egalitarian principles
평등주의 원칙
The judicial system must be built upon egalitarian principles, treating the rich and poor alike.
Sovereign state
주권 국가
As a independent sovereign state, the island has the right to manage its own natural assets.
Austerity measures
긴축 재정 조치
The central bank demanded strict austerity measures, leading to cuts in public healthcare budgets.
Agricultural commodity
농산물 원자재 / 농산물 상품
Wheat is a vital agricultural commodity whose price spikes can trigger global food crises.
Tangible asset
유형 자산
Real estate and heavy factory machinery are classic examples of a tangible asset.
Financial liability
금융 부채 / 재정적 책임
The tech startup managed to clear all its financial liability within its first two years.
Economic recession
경기 침체 / 불황
During a severe economic recession, the unemployment rate typically shoots up rapidly.
Tax revenue
세수 / 세금 수입
The city planned to fund the new suspension bridge using expanded corporate tax revenue.
Government subsidy
정부 보조금
Electric car purchases soared after the administration offered a generous government subsidy.
Protective tariff
보호 관세
The country introduced a protective tariff to prevent foreign steel from flooding the local market.
Volatile market
변동성이 큰 시장 / 요동치는 장세
Novice investors should avoid trading options in a highly volatile market like crypto.
Unprecedented affluence
전례 없는 풍요 / 파격적 부유함
The discovery of offshore oil reserves brought unprecedented affluence to the coastal region.
Free-market capitalism
자유시장 자본주의
The book critiques the flaws of unregulated free-market capitalism regarding income inequality.
Currency depreciation
화폐 가치 하락 / 통화 감가상각
Rapid currency depreciation made traveling abroad incredibly expensive for local citizens.
Quarterly dividend
분기별 배당금
The blue-chip corporate giant distributes a solid quarterly dividend to its investors.
Financial leverage
재정적 레버리지 / 타인 자본 활용
Using too much financial leverage can amplify profits but also accelerate bankruptcy risks.
Market liquidity
시장 유동성 / 환금성
A sudden drop in market liquidity made it difficult for traders to sell their real estate assets.
Economic stagnation
경제 정체 / 장기 침체
The prime minister focused on structural reforms to pull the nation out of economic stagnation.
Consolidate debt
부채를 통합하다 / 빚을 정리하다
The financial advisor recommended a low-interest loan to consolidate debt effectively.
Financial solvency
재정적 지불 능력 / 상환 능력
The sudden collapse of the major bank raised deep questions about the financial solvency of other firms.
Real estate speculation
부동산 투기
Strict banking laws were enacted to stamp out aggressive real estate speculation.
Financial audit
회계 감사 / 정밀 재무 검사
An independent firm conducted a rigorous financial audit to ensure transparency before the IPO.
Supply chain logistics
공급망 물류 / 유통 관리
The global pandemic severely disrupted supply chain logistics, causing worldwide shortages.
Strict quarantine
엄격한 격리 / 고강도 검역
Passengers showing high fevers were immediately placed under strict quarantine at the gate.
Import quota
수입 할당량
The trade agreement sets a strict import quota on foreign agricultural goods each year.
Budget deficit
재정 적자
The government had to issue new treasury bonds to cover the widening budget deficit.
Trade surplus
무역 흑자
Thanks to a massive surge in car exports, the country recorded its largest trade surplus ever.
Hyperinflation
하이퍼인플레이션 / 초고속 물가 상승
Under hyperinflation, prices doubled every day, rendering the local paper currency useless.
Fiscal policy
재정 정책
The central government uses fiscal policy, like infrastructure spending, to stimulate growth.
Economic sanction
경제 제재
The international body implemented a strict economic sanction to deter the rogue nation.
Social welfare
사회 복지
A significant portion of national tax revenue is allocated to social welfare programs.
Infrastructure investment
사회 기반 시설 투자 / 인프라 확충
Long-term infrastructure investment is key to boosting the countrys logistical efficiency.
Resource allocation
자원 배분 / 자원 할당
The core problem of economics is the efficient resource allocation of scarce materials.
Price fluctuation
가격 변동 / 요금 기복
Consumers are struggling to cope with the unpredictable price fluctuation of fresh groceries.
Conventional wisdom
사회적 통념 / 일반적 생각
The young scientists breakthrough completely overturned the conventional wisdom of biology.
Sustainable development
지속 가능한 개발
Modern town planning prioritizes sustainable development to protect the local eco-balance.
Labor negotiation
노사 협상 / 노동 교섭
The train strike was avoided at the last minute following a successful labor negotiation.
Epistemological
인식론적인 / 인식론의
The professor discussed the epistemological differences between scientific observation and pure philosophical speculation.
Ontological status
존재론적 지위 / 존재론적 상태
Philosophers have long debated the ontological status of numbers and abstract mathematical concepts.
Linguistic relativity
언어 상대성 (사고가 언어에 영향을 받는다는 가설)
The principle of linguistic relativity suggests that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview.
Empirical verification
실증적 검증 / 경험적 입증
The radical physics hypothesis is brilliant but still lacks concrete empirical verification.
Inherent contradiction
내재적 모순 / 고유한 불일치
Critics pointed out the inherent contradiction in the politician's policy of cutting taxes while increasing spending.
Cognitive impairment
인지 장애 / 인지 기능 저하
Medical researchers are searching for early biomarkers that indicate a high risk of cognitive impairment.
Aesthetic transcendence
미적 초월성
Listening to the orchestra provided a sense of aesthetic transcendence that washed away all daily stress.
Ambiguous terminology
모호한 용어 / 애매한 어휘 사용
The contract was rejected by the legal team because it contained highly ambiguous terminology.
Implicit bias
암묵적 편견 / 무의식적 선입견
Training programs can help corporate HR officers minimize implicit bias during the hiring process.
Explicit formulation
명시적 공식화 / 명확한 정식화
The physics theorem requires an explicit formulation before it can be applied to real-world engineering.
Paradoxical tension
역설적인 긴장 관계 / 모순적 대립
The novel explores the paradoxical tension between a character's desire for freedom and their need for security.
Infallible authority
결코 틀리지 않는 절대적 권위
In a healthy democratic system, no political leader should ever claim to possess infallible authority.
Pragmatic calculation
실용적인 계산 / 현실적인 저울질
The corporate decision was driven by pragmatic calculation of short-term revenue rather than long-term vision.
Dogmatic ideology
독단적인 이데올로기 / 완고한 사상
Clinging to a dogmatic ideology prevents leaders from adapting to rapidly changing global economic conditions.
Rational discourse
이성적인 담론 / 합리적인 토론
Healthy social progress relies on open, rational discourse rather than emotional mudslinging.
Subjective well-being
주관적 안녕감 / 주관적 행복도
The survey measured the subjective well-being of citizens, factoring in emotional health and life satisfaction.
Objective criteria
객관적인 기준
The scholarship candidates were evaluated based on objective criteria such as GPA and standardized test scores.
Subconscious conditioning
잠재의식적 조건화 / 무의식적 학습
Repeated exposure to identical advertisements can lead to subtle, subconscious conditioning of consumer habits.
Phenomenological approach
현상학적 접근 방식
The sociologist utilized a phenomenological approach to understand the lived experiences of the refugees.
Dialectical synthesis
변증법적 종합 / 정반합의 결과물
The new legal framework represents a dialectical synthesis of traditional values and modern civil rights.
Persistent skepticism
지속적인 회의론 / 끊임없는 의구심
Despite the successful laboratory test, persistent skepticism remains among conservative board members.
Theoretical abstraction
이론적 추상화 / 관념적 일반화
The mathematical model is a brilliant theoretical abstraction, but it fails to predict real-world market movements.
Axiomatic foundation
자명한 기초 / 논박할 수 없는 근거
The entire ethical system is built upon the axiomatic foundation that all human beings are born equal.
Logical invalidity
논리적 부당성 / 오류 가능성
The opposing attorney quickly pointed out the logical invalidity of the witness's sudden claims.
Intangible cultural heritage
무형 문화 유산
Traditional folk songs and oral storytelling are classified as intangible cultural heritage by global committees.
Manifest discontent
명백한 불만 / 뚜렷한 저항 징후
The massive public protests are a manifest discontent with the government's sudden increase in income taxes.
Subtle nuance
미묘한 뉘앙스 / 미세한 차이
A skilled diplomat must pick up on every subtle nuance written in the prime minister's official letter.
Altruistic motive
이타적인 동기
The anonymous donation to the children's hospital was guided purely by a selfless, altruistic motive.
Intellectual integrity
지적 고결성 / 학문적 진실성
Admitting when your scientific hypothesis is proven wrong is a fundamental core part of intellectual integrity.
Cognitive development
인지 발달
Interactive sensory play is highly crucial for the healthy cognitive development of growing infants.
Institutional autonomy
제도적 자율성 / 기관의 독립성
The central bank fought hard to preserve its institutional autonomy from short-term political interference.
Bureaucratic apparatus
관료적 기구 / 행정 체제 조직
The massive bureaucratic apparatus of the historical empire eventually became too slow and rigid to govern.
State of anarchy
무정부 상태 / 법질서가 마비된 상황
Following the sudden collapse of the central regime, the border province plunged into a temporary state of anarchy.
Governing coalition
연정 / 연립 정부 / 집권 연합
The governing coalition agreed on a structural tax reform package to tackle the widening national deficit.
Imperial decree
황제의 칙령 / 법령
The ancient capital monument was constructed following a strict imperial decree issued by the dynasty.
Egalitarian distribution
평등한 분배 / 균등 배분
The activist group campaigns for a more egalitarian distribution of corporate profits among factory workers.
Universal franchise
보편적 참정권 / 보통 선거권
The country finally achieved universal franchise after decades of intense and courageous civil rights movements.
Geopolitical hegemony
지정학적 패권 / 주도권
The sudden rise of a new economic powerhouse began to challenge the traditional superpower's geopolitical hegemony.
Impeachment trial
탄핵 심판 / 탄핵 재판
The entire nation watched the historic impeachment trial of the corrupt president unfold on live television.
Legal jurisdiction
법적 관할권 / 사법권 범위
The local police department maintains no legal jurisdiction over crimes committed within international waters.
Democratic mandate
민주적 권한 / 국민의 정당한 위임
Winning eighty percent of the public votes gave the newly elected governor a powerful democratic mandate.
National sovereignty
국가 주권
Signing the international trade agreement does not mean the nation is compromising its national sovereignty.
Overthrow the tyranny
폭정을 타도하다 / 압제를 무너뜨리다
The underground resistance spent years planning a strategic rebellion to finally overthrow the military tyranny.
Constitutional veto
헌법적 거부권
The president decided to exercise his constitutional veto against the proposed environmental deregulation bill.
Abolish privileges
특권을 폐지하다
The legal reform was engineered to completely abolish hereditary tax privileges for the old aristocracy.
Legislative amendment
입법 수정안 / 법률 개정안
The national assembly introduced a critical legislative amendment to tighten regulations on digital assets.
Media censorship
언론 검열 / 미디어 통제
Under strict media censorship, local authors had to utilize clever allegories to criticize the oppressive regime.
Secret diplomacy
밀실 외교 / 비밀 외교
The controversial border treaty was negotiated through secret diplomacy, sparking fierce public outrage later.
Enact legislation
법률을 제정하다
The parliament rushed to enact legislation protecting vulnerable internet consumers from artificial pricing scams.
Independent judiciary
독립된 사법부
An independent judiciary is absolutely vital to safeguard citizens from government overreach and tyranny.
Constitutional monarchy
입헌 군주제
The nation operates as a constitutional monarchy where the ruling emperor holds purely ceremonial duties.
Ratify a treaty
조약을 비준하다 / 정식 승인하다
The senate met in a late-night emergency session to officially ratify the historic global climate treaty.
Authoritarian regime
권위주의 정권 / 독재 체제
The authoritarian regime heavily restricted freedom of assembly and banned independent news networks.
Wildlife sanctuary
야생동물 보호구역
The offshore island was designated as a wildlife sanctuary to protect endangered species of sea turtles.
Bureaucratic red tape
관료주의적 형식주의 / 절차상의 지연
It took six long months to secure a basic business operations permit due to excessive bureaucratic red tape.
Egalitarian ideals
평등주의적 이상 / 평등주의 사상
The university students were deeply inspired by the egalitarian ideals of early human rights philosophers.
Sovereign authority
주권적 권위 / 절대적 통치권
The ancient tribal council maintained sovereign authority over the mountain valley territory for ages.
Censorship laws
검열법
Human rights watchdogs fiercely campaigned to strike down the states newly proposed internet censorship laws.
Diplomatic immunity
외교적 면책 특권
Ambassadors are granted diplomatic immunity to ensure they can perform duties without risk of local harassment.
Judicial review
사법 심사 / 위헌 법률 심판
The controversial new immigration executive order is currently undergoing a strict judicial review.
Austerity measures
긴축 재정 조치 / 재정 긴축
The international bank demanded strict austerity measures, leading to severe cuts in social welfare budgets.
Agricultural commodity
농산물 원자재 / 농산물 상품
Wheat is a vital agricultural commodity whose price fluctuations can trigger massive global food crises.
Tangible asset
유형 자산
Prime commercial real estate and heavy manufacturing machinery are classic examples of a tangible asset.
Financial liability
금융 부채 / 재정적 책임
The software startup managed to clear all its long-term financial liability within its first two fiscal years.
Economic recession
경기 침체 / 불황
During a severe economic recession, overall consumer spending drops and the unemployment rate shoots up.
Tax revenue
세수 / 세금 수입
The municipal city planned to fund the new suspension bridge using expanded corporate tax revenue.
Government subsidy
정부 보조금
Electric car sales soared exponentially after the local administration offered a generous government subsidy.
Protective tariff
보호 관세
The country introduced a steep protective tariff to prevent foreign electronics from flooding the local market.
Volatile market
변동성이 큰 시장 / 요동치는 장세
Novice day-traders are advised to avoid investing hard capital in a highly volatile market like cryptocurrency.
Unprecedented affluence
전례 없는 풍요 / 파격적 부유함
The sudden discovery of rich offshore gas reserves brought unprecedented affluence to the coastal region.
Free-market capitalism
자유시장 자본주의
The economics textbook critiques the flaws of unregulated free-market capitalism regarding extreme wealth inequality.
Currency depreciation
화폐 가치 하락 / 통화 감가상각
Rapid currency depreciation made purchasing foreign technology materials incredibly expensive for local firms.
Quarterly dividend
분기별 배당금
The blue-chip manufacturing giant distributes a reliable quarterly dividend to its long-term investors.
Financial leverage
재정적 레버리지 / 타인 자본 활용
Utilizing too much financial leverage can multiply gains but also drastically accelerate corporate bankruptcy risks.
Market liquidity
시장 유동성 / 자산의 환금성
A sudden freeze in market liquidity made it virtually impossible for traders to liquidate their concrete assets.
Economic stagnation
경제 정체 / 장기 불황
The prime minister implemented drastic structural reforms to pull the nation out of structural economic stagnation.
Consolidate debt
부채를 통합하다 / 빚을 정리하다
The bank financial advisor strongly recommended a low-interest loan to consolidate debt effectively.
Financial solvency
재정적 지불 능력 / 상환 능력
The sudden collapse of the major lender raised deep questions about the financial solvency of smaller local firms.
Real estate speculation
부동산 투기
Strict anti-bubble banking laws were enacted to stamp out aggressive real estate speculation in metropolitan areas.
Financial audit
회계 감사 / 정밀 재무 검사
An independent firm conducted a rigorous financial audit to ensure absolute transparency prior to the companys IPO.
Supply chain logistics
공급망 물류 / 유통 및 배송 관리
The global pandemic severely disrupted supply chain logistics, causing worldwide shortages of semiconductor chips.
Strict quarantine
엄격한 격리 / 고강도 검역
Incoming passengers showing symptoms of high fever were immediately placed under strict quarantine at the airport.
Import quota
수입 할당량
The international bilateral trade agreement sets a strict annual import quota on foreign agricultural goods.
Budget deficit
재정 적자
The central government was forced to issue new treasury bonds to cover the widening national budget deficit.
Trade surplus
무역 흑자
Thanks to a massive global surge in car exports, the country recorded its largest trade surplus in a decade.
Hyperinflationary spiral
하이퍼인플레이션의 악순환 / 초고속 물가상승 악순환
Under a hyperinflationary spiral, consumer prices doubled daily, rendering the paper currency completely useless.
Fiscal policy
재정 정책
The administration utilizes expansionary fiscal policy, like infrastructure spending, to stimulate market employment.
Economic sanction
경제 제재
The international coalition implemented a strict economic sanction to deter the rogue nation from developing weapons.
Social welfare
사회 복지 / 사회 안전망
A significant portion of national tax revenue is allocated to reinforcing social welfare programs for seniors.
Infrastructure investment
사회 기반 시설 투자 / 인프라 확충
Long-term infrastructure investment is fundamentally key to boosting the countrys overall logistical efficiency.
Resource allocation
자원 배분 / 자원 할당
The core problem of macroeconomics is analyzing the efficient resource allocation of scarce raw materials.
Price fluctuation
가격 변동 / 요금의 기복
Low-income consumers are struggling to cope with the unpredictable price fluctuation of basic winter groceries.
Conventional wisdom
사회적 통념 / 일반적 관념
The young biochemists breakthrough laboratory discovery completely overturned the conventional wisdom of physics.
Sustainable development
지속 가능한 개발 / 친환경적 개발
Modern metropolitan town planning prioritizes sustainable development to preserve the local ecological balance.
Labor negotiation
노사 협상 / 노동 교섭
The nationwide train strike was avoided at the very last minute following a successful, late-night labor negotiation.
Cognitive schema
인지 도식 (정신적 틀)
Our cognitive schema helps us organize and interpret new information based on past experiences.
Axiological
가치론적인 / 가치론의
The ethical debate shifts from purely logical rules to axiological questions about what constitutes a good life.
Epistemology
인식론
The seminar explored how digital technology changes our collective epistemology regarding truth.
Ontology
존재론
Modern physics forces scientists to reconsider the ontology of time and physical matter.
Empirical evidence
경험적 증거 / 실증적 자료
The hypothesis cannot be accepted as fact without sufficient empirical evidence from lab tests.
Inherent property
내재적 속성 / 고유한 성질
Brittleness is an inherent property of glass that makes it prone to cracking under sudden impact.
Implicit understanding
암묵적 이해 / 이심전심
There was an implicit understanding between the teammates that no one would take credit alone.
Explicit statement
명시적 진술 / 분명한 언급
The regulation contains an explicit statement banning the use of personal devices during exams.
Paradoxical behavior
역설적인 행동 / 모순된 행동 패턴
The animal exhibited paradoxical behavior, approaching the very predator it usually flees from.
Infallible proof
결코 틀리지 않는 증명 / 절대적인 증거
The lawyer presented infallible proof that established the defendant’s absolute innocence.
Pragmatic considerations
실용적 고려사항 / 현실적인 계산
The design was chosen due to pragmatic considerations like low material costs and quick assembly.
Dogmatic belief
독단적인 신념 / 완고한 교리
Progress is often blocked by dogmatic beliefs that refuse to adapt to new scientific discoveries.
Rational analysis
이성적 분석 / 합리적 검토
A rational analysis of the raw numbers reveals that the current policy is completely unsustainable.
Subjective standard
주관적 기준
Evaluating the aesthetic quality of poetry relies heavily on a highly subjective standard.
Objective valuation
객관적 평가 / 치우치지 않는 자산 측정
The real estate firm ordered an objective valuation of the property prior to processing the loan.
Subconscious motive
잠재의식적 동기 / 무의식적 목적
Psychologists suggest that some choices are guided by a subconscious motive we do not recognize.
Phenomenological study
현상학적 연구
The book is a phenomenological study focusing on how individuals subjectively experience grief.
Dialectical synthesis
변증법적 종합 / 정반합
The new legal framework represents a dialectical synthesis of traditional values and civil rights.
Persistent doubt
지속되는 의문 / 끊임없는 회의감
Despite the successful laboratory test, persistent doubts remain among conservative board members.
Theoretical constructs
이론적 구성 개념
Intelligence and personality are theoretical constructs that psychologists try to measure via tests.
Axiomatic principles
자명한 원칙 / 논박할 수 없는 법칙
The entire system of geometry is built upon a few simple, axiomatic principles.
Logical inconsistency
논리적 모순 / 앞뒤가 맞지 않음
The editor found a major logical inconsistency in the author's main philosophical argument.
Intangible assets
무형 자산
Brand loyalty and intellectual property are classified as valuable intangible assets for tech firms.
Manifest bias
명백한 편견 / 눈에 띄는 치우침
The referee’s manifest bias during the match caused a fierce public outcry from the fans.
Subtle nuances
미묘한 뉘앙스 / 세밀한 차이점
A machine translation often fails to capture the subtle nuances of emotional poetry.
Altruistic behavior
이타적 행동
Biologists study altruistic behavior in dolphins to understand how marine animals collaborate.
Intellectual integrity
지적 고결성 / 학문적 진실성
Admitting when your scientific theory is proven wrong is a fundamental core part of intellectual integrity.
Cognitive load
인지 부하 (정신적 부담)
Cluttered website designs increase the cognitive load on users, making navigation difficult.
Teleological
목적론적인 / 목적론의
The philosopher argued for a teleological view of nature, where every ecosystem has a specific purpose.
Determinism
결정론
The debate over free will often contrasts personal autonomy with physical determinism.
Solipsism
유아론 (자신의 의식만이 실재한다는 생각)
Extreme solipsism leads to the philosophical conclusion that the external world is just an illusion.
Empirical study
실증적 연구 / 경험적 조사
An empirical study was launched to track the long-term health outcomes of the new diet.
Inherent flaw
내재된 결함 / 고유한 취약점
The engineer discovered an inherent flaw in the bridge design that required immediate modification.
Implicit agreement
암묵적 동의 / 무언의 약속
There was an implicit agreement that whoever cooked dinner would not have to wash the dishes.
Explicit permission
명시적 허가 / 분명한 승인
You must obtain explicit permission from the author before republishing their poetry online.
Paradoxical effect
역설적인 효과 / 모순된 결과
The sleep medication had a paradoxical effect on him, making him feel wide awake and energetic.
Infallible method
결코 틀리지 않는 방법 / 백발백중의 수단
There is no infallible method for predicting stock prices; every investment carries a risk.
Pragmatic solution
실용적인 해결책
Instead of arguing over ideological dogmas, the council focused on finding a pragmatic solution.
Dogmatic assertion
독단적인 주장
His dogmatic assertions were not backed by any concrete statistical data, alienating his audience.
Rational justification
합리적 정당화 / 이성적 근거
The management provided a rational justification for restructuring the marketing department.
Institutional integration
제도적 통합
The European Union works toward deeper institutional integration among its member states.
Bureaucratic gridlock
관료주의적 정체 / 행정 마비
The critical infrastructure bill was stalled for months in a state of bureaucratic gridlock.
Anarchic
무정부 상태의 / 통제 불능의 / 혼란스러운
Without traffic lights or traffic police, the busy intersection became completely anarchic.
Coalition government
연립 정부 / 연정
The coalition government collapsed after the two main political parties disagreed on foreign tax tariffs.
Judicial decree
사법적 선고 / 법원 판결
The company was forced to halt its factory operations immediately following a judicial decree.
Egalitarian distribution
평등한 분배 / 균등 배정
The activist group advocates for a more egalitarian distribution of resources in poor neighborhoods.
Enfranchisement
참정권 부여 / 선거권 수여
The historic law marked the full enfranchisement of citizens who did not own real estate assets.
Hegemonic power
패권국 / 패권 세력
The empire acted as the primary hegemonic power in the region for over three centuries.
Impeachment proceedings
탄핵 절차
The assembly initiated impeachment proceedings against the judge suspected of accepting bribes.
Jurisdictional boundaries
관할권 경계 / 사법권의 영역
The dispute arose because the incident occurred right on the jurisdictional boundaries of the two states.
Mandatory regulation
의무 규정 / 강제적 규칙
Wearing a hard hat is a mandatory regulation that applies to everyone inside the construction site.
Sovereign immunity
주권 면책 (국가에 대한 소송 면제 권한)
The foreign embassy claimed sovereign immunity to avoid being sued in local civil courts.
Tyrannical regime
폭정의 정권 / 압제적 독재 체제
Citizens risked their lives to smuggle news booklets out of the tyrannical regime.
Presidential veto
대통령 거부권
The proposed tax cuts were blocked by a sudden presidential veto late last night.
Abolition
폐지 / 타파
Humanitarian organizations celebrated the full abolition of the oppressive forced labor system.
Constitutional amendments
헌법 개정안 / 수정 조항
The voters approved two new constitutional amendments designed to protect local water resources.
Strict censorship
엄격한 검열
Under strict censorship, journalists were forced to submit their articles for approval prior to printing.
Diplomatic breakdown
외교적 결렬 / 외교 마비
The diplomatic breakdown led both countries to recall their ambassadors and close down borders.
Enactment of laws
법률의 제정
The enactment of laws protecting marine life led to a rapid recovery of the local coral reefs.
Judiciary branch
사법부
The judiciary branch must remain independent to guarantee that trials are completely fair.
Absolute monarchy
전제 군주제 / 절대 왕정
The historic revolution marked the painful end of absolute monarchy in the western nation.
Ratification process
비준 과정 / 정식 승인 절차
The trade treaty delayed because the ratification process took longer than expected in the senate.
Authoritarian rule
권위주의적 지배 / 독재 통치
The country transitioned to a democracy after living under authoritarian rule for forty years.
Ecological sanctuary
생태 보호구역
The volcanic island serves as a safe ecological sanctuary for unique reptile species.
Bureaucratic red tape
관료주의적 형식주의 / 불필요한 행정 절차
It took six long months to secure a basic business permit due to excessive bureaucratic red tape.
Egalitarian principles
평등주의 원칙
The judicial system must be built upon egalitarian principles, treating all social classes alike.
Sovereign nation
주권 국가
As an independent sovereign nation, the island has the right to manage its own domestic assets.
Censorship laws
검열법
The human rights group fiercely campaigned to strike down the state’s oppressive censorship laws.
Diplomatic mission
외교 사절단 / 재외 공관
The diplomatic mission focused on resolving the territorial dispute via peaceful dialogues.
Judicial review
사법 심사 / 위헌 법률 심판
The controversial executive order is currently undergoing a strict judicial review by the supreme court.
Totalitarianism
전체주의
The political science textbook analyzes the rise of mid-20th-century totalitarianism.
Stratification
사회 계층화 / 계층제
The extreme economic gap has accelerated the rigid social stratification of the metropolis.
Pluralism
다원주의
Cultural pluralism encourages minority communities to preserve unique traditions.
Oligarchy
과두 정치 / 소수 독재 체제
When a handful of wealthy families control all state assets, democracy degrades into an oligarchy.
Meritocracy
능력주의 / 실력사회
A true meritocracy guarantees that hiring choices are based on skill rather than personal connections.
Disenfranchise
권리를 박탈하다 / 선거권을 빼앗다
The new voting restrictions threaten to disenfranchise low-income citizens living in rural zones.
Xenophobia
외국인 혐오증 / 타문화 배척
The local human rights council launched educational programs to counteract rising xenophobia.
Assimilation
동화 / 문화적 흡수
The policy focused on forced cultural assimilation, erasing the language of minority tribes.
Subjugation
정복 / 예속 / 종속
The historical exhibition documents the painful subjugation of native populations by colonial armies.
Sovereign right
주권적 권리
Protecting internal borders is the sovereign right of every independent country.
Bureaucratic structure
관료제 구조 / 관료 시스템
The flexible startup avoided a rigid bureaucratic structure to keep communication fast.
Egalitarian ideology
평등주의 이데올로기
The social reformers were deeply guided by an egalitarian ideology of equal opportunities.
Sovereignty dispute
주권 분쟁 / 영토 영유권 분쟁
The international court stepped in to arbitrate the lengthy maritime sovereignty dispute.
Censorship mechanism
검열 메커니즘 / 필터링 시스템
The authoritarian regime upgraded its digital censorship mechanism to block social media blogs.
Diplomatic resolution
외교적 해결 / 외교적 타결
Both prime ministers expressed strong hopes for a swift diplomatic resolution to the crisis.
Judicial activism
사법 적극주의
Conservative critics accused the supreme court of judicial activism regarding the environmental case.
Authoritarian regime
권위주의 정권 / 독재 체제
The authoritarian regime heavily restricted freedom of speech and banned public protests.
Sanctuary city
피난처 도시 / 이민자 보호 도시
The municipal area designated itself as a sanctuary city, refusing to deport undocumented workers.
Bureaucratic inefficiency
관료주의적 비효율성
The distribution of emergency winter aid was severely slowed down by bureaucratic inefficiency.
Egalitarian ideals
평등주의적 이상 / 평등주의 가치관
The university students were deeply inspired by the egalitarian ideals of early civil rights activists.
Fiscal austerity
재정 긴축
The government introduced strict fiscal austerity, reducing investments in public infrastructure.
Primary commodity
기초 원자재 / 1차 상품
Developing nations that rely solely on exporting a single primary commodity are vulnerable to market shocks.
Intangible asset
무형 자산
Patents and software source codes constitute the most vital intangible assets of a modern tech enterprise.
Financial liabilities
금융 부채 / 재무적 책임액
The accounting firm carefully evaluated the corporations current and long-term financial liabilities.
Prolonged recession
장기 경기 침체 / 만성 불황
The real estate bubble burst, dragging the national economy into a prolonged recession.
Internal revenue
국세 / 세입
The internal revenue service launched an investigation into the offshore accounts of the billionaire.
Agricultural subsidy
농업 보조금
The agricultural subsidy helps local grain producers compete against cheaper food imports.
Tariff reductions
관세 인하 / 관세 감면
The free trade agreement led to gradual tariff reductions on electronic components.
Market volatility
시장 변동성
Global political tensions triggered immense market volatility, causing gold prices to spike.
Material affluence
물질적 풍요 / 경제적 번영
Despite their extreme material affluence, many citizens reported low levels of life satisfaction.
Crony capitalism
정경유착 자본주의 / 연고 자본주의
The anti-corruption board works to eliminate crony capitalism and establish free market competition.
Asset depreciation
자산 가치 하락 / 감가상각
The tax code allows business owners to write off the annual asset depreciation of delivery vans.
Dividend yield
배당 수익률
Conservative investors look for stable blue-chip utility stocks with a high dividend yield.
Financial leverage
재정적 레버리지 / 타인 자본 활용
Utilizing too much financial leverage can multiply gains but also drastically accelerate bankruptcy risks.
Asset liquidity
자산 유동성 / 환금성
Stocks possess higher asset liquidity than commercial real estate, which can take months to sell.
Economic stagnation
경제 정체 / 장기 불황
The prime minister implemented drastic structural reforms to pull the nation out of structural economic stagnation.
Consolidate debts
부채를 통합하다 / 빚을 일괄 정리하다
Taking out a single low-interest personal loan allowed him to consolidate debts effectively.
Corporate solvency
기업의 지불 능력 / 상환 건전성
The independent audit proved the long-term corporate solvency of the shipping enterprise.
Speculative bubble
투기적 거품 / 투기 버블
Economists warned that real estate speculation was creating a dangerous speculative bubble.
Independent audit
독립적 회계 감사
The regulatory body ordered an independent audit to check the accuracy of the profit reports.
Logistical network
물류 네트워크 / 유통망
The e-commerce firm expanded its logistical network by opening three new fulfillment hubs.
Quarantine regulations
격리 규정 / 검역 수칙
Violating airport quarantine regulations regarding fresh meat imports results in a steep fine.
Import quotas
수입 할당제 / 수입 쿼터
Domestic car manufacturers lobbied the federal government to establish strict import quotas.
Budget deficit
재정 적자
The government had to issue new treasury bonds to cover the widening budget deficit.
Trade surplus
무역 흑자
Thanks to a massive global surge in car exports, the country recorded its largest trade surplus in a decade.
Hyperinflation
하이퍼인플레이션 / 초고속 물가상승
Under hyperinflation, prices doubled every day, rendering the local paper currency useless.
Fiscal stimulus
재정 부양책 / 경기 부양책
The administration launched a massive fiscal stimulus package, investing heavily in green rail tech.
Economic sanctions
경제 제재
The international body implemented strict economic sanctions to deter the rogue nation from developing weapons.
Social welfare
사회 복지 / 사회 안전망
A significant portion of national tax revenue is allocated to reinforcing social welfare programs for seniors.
Infrastructure investment
사회 기반 시설 투자 / 인프라 확충
Long-term infrastructure investment is fundamentally key to boosting the countrys overall logistical efficiency.
Resource allocation
자원 배분 / 자원 할당
The core problem of macroeconomics is analyzing the efficient resource allocation of scarce raw materials.
Price fluctuations
가격 변동 / 요금의 기복
Low-income consumers are struggling to cope with the unpredictable price fluctuations of basic winter groceries.
Conventional wisdom
사회적 통념 / 일반적 관념
The young biochemists breakthrough laboratory discovery completely overturned the conventional wisdom of physics.
Sustainable development
지속 가능한 개발 / 친환경적 개발
Modern metropolitan town planning prioritizes sustainable development to preserve the local ecological balance.
Labor negotiation
노사 협상 / 노동 교섭
The nationwide train strike was avoided at the very last minute following a successful, late-night labor negotiation.
Microeconomics
미시경제학
Microeconomics analyzes how individual consumers and corporate firms make choices regarding prices.
Macroeconomics
거시경제학
Macroeconomics deals with broad indicators such as gross domestic product, inflation, and employment.
Diminishing returns
수확 체감 (투자 대비 성과가 점점 줄어듦)
Adding more workers to the small kitchen eventually led to a state of diminishing returns.
Opportunity cost
기회 비용
The opportunity cost of going to college full-time includes the wages you could have earned working.
Monetary policy
통화 정책 / 화폐 정책
The central bank adjusted its monetary policy, increasing benchmark interest rates to fight inflation.
Fiscal policy
재정 정책
The administration utilizes expansionary fiscal policy, like infrastructure spending, to stimulate market employment.
Economic sanction
경제 제재
The international coalition implemented a strict economic sanction to deter the rogue nation from developing weapons.
Social welfare
사회 복지 / 사회 안전망
A significant portion of national tax revenue is allocated to reinforcing social welfare programs for seniors.
Infrastructure investment
사회 기반 시설 투자 / 인프라 확충
Long-term infrastructure investment is fundamentally key to boosting the countrys overall logistical efficiency.
Resource allocation
자원 배분 / 자원 할당
The core problem of macroeconomics is analyzing the efficient resource allocation of scarce raw materials.
Price fluctuation
가격 변동 / 요금의 기복
Low-income consumers are struggling to cope with the unpredictable price fluctuation of basic winter groceries.
Conventional wisdom
사회적 통념 / 일반적 관념
The young biochemists breakthrough laboratory discovery completely overturned the conventional wisdom of physics.
Sustainable development
지속 가능한 개발 / 친환경적 개발
Modern metropolitan town planning prioritizes sustainable development to preserve the local ecological balance.
Labor negotiation
노사 협상 / 노동 교섭
The nationwide train strike was avoided at the very last minute following a successful, late-night labor negotiation.
Equilibrium price
균형 가격
In a free market, the market forces of supply and demand eventually establish an equilibrium price.
Meticulously
꼼꼼히 / 세심하게
The artist meticulously painted every tiny detail on the canvas.
Ambiguously
모호하게 / 애매하게
He answered the question ambiguously, leaving everyone guessing.
Abruptly
갑자기 / 뜻밖에
The meeting ended abruptly when the fire alarm went off.
Subtly
미묘하게 / 교묘하게
Her tone changed subtly, indicating that she was annoyed.
Profoundly
깊이 / 깊게 / 심오하게
The book profoundly influenced his worldview and life choices.
Reluctantly
마지못해 / 마땅찮아 하며
She reluctantly agreed to work overtime on the weekend.
Inevitably
필연적으로 / 불가피하게
Hard work and perseverance will inevitably lead to success.
Vaguely
막연히 / 어렴풋이
I vaguely remember meeting him at a conference years ago.
Explicitly
명백히 / 노골적으로
The rules were explicitly stated in the employee handbook.
Implicitly
암시적으로 / 은근히 / 절대적으로
The team trusted their leader implicitly.
Spontaneously
자발적으로 / 자연스럽게 / 즉흥적으로
The crowd began to clap spontaneously after the performance.
Consecutively
연속으로 / 잇따라
It rained for five days consecutively last week.
Simultaneously
동시에
The two events occurred simultaneously in different cities.
Initially
처음에 / 당초에
Initially, the project seemed impossible to complete on time.
Ultimately
궁극적으로 / 결국
Hard work will ultimately pay off in your career.
Virtually
사실상 / 거의
With the new technology, the task is virtually effortless.
Barely
간신히 / 겨우 / 거의 ~않다
She arrived at the station barely in time to catch the train.
Scarcely
거의 ~않다 / 겨우
There was scarcely enough food left for the remaining guests.
Hardly
거의 ~않다
I could hardly hear what he was saying over the loud music.
Merely
단지 / 그저
He was merely joking when he made that sarcastic remark.
Solely
오로지 / 단독으로
The success of the campaign depends solely on public support.
Slightly
약간 / 조금
The price of the smartphone is slightly higher than expected.
Significantly
상당히 / 현저하게
Air quality has improved significantly over the past decade.
Substantially
대폭으로 / 상당히 / 실질적으로
Profits increased substantially in the third quarter.
Marginally
아주 조금 / 미미하게
Sales increased marginally despite the heavy marketing investment.
Particularly
특히 / 각별히
The museum was particularly crowded on Saturday afternoon.
Specifically
구체적으로 / 특별히
This software is designed specifically for graphic designers.
Approximately
대략 / 거의
The trip will take approximately three hours by car.
Roughly
대략 / 대충
Roughly 300 people attended the charity concert.
Chiefly
주로 / 대개
The delay was caused chiefly by technical malfunctions.
Predominantly
대부분 / 주로
The neighborhood is predominantly residential.
Primarily
주로 / 본래
The course is aimed primarily at beginner students.
Legally
합법적으로 / 법률적으로
You must be 18 to vote legally in this country.
Officially
공식적으로
The new stadium was officially opened last Friday.
Privately
사적으로 / 은밀히
She wished to discuss the matter with him privately.
Publicly
공공연히 / 대중 앞에서
The politician apologized publicly for his mistake.
Temporarily
일시적으로
The website is temporarily offline for routine maintenance.
Permanently
영구적으로 / 영원히
The accident left him permanently disabled.
Constantly
끊임없이 / 늘
Technology is constantly evolving at a rapid pace.
Frequenty
자주 / 빈번히
Earthquakes occur frequently in this seismic zone.
Occasionally
가끔 / 가끔씩
We go out to dinner occasionally, but mostly we cook at home.
Periodically
주기적으로
Back up your computer files periodically to avoid losing data.
Rarely
드물게 / 좀처럼 ~않는
He rarely eats junk food because he prefers a healthy diet.
Seldom
좀처럼 ~않는
Such opportunities seldom arise twice in a lifetime.
Previously
이전에 / 사전에
She had previously worked as a financial analyst.
Subsequently
그 후에 / 이어서
He was injured in the first game and subsequently missed the rest of the season.
Consequently
그 결과 / 따라서
Funding was cut; consequently, the research project had to stop.
Accordingly
그에 상응하여 / 따라서
The weather forecast looks bad, so plan your trip accordingly.
Therefore
그러므로 / 그러므로서
She studied hard; therefore, she passed the exam with flying colors.
Thus
따라서 / 이런 식으로
The company cut costs and thus increased its profit margin.
Hence
이러한 이유로 / 그러므로
He missed his flight; hence, he arrived a day late.
Meanwhile
그동안에 / 한편
Dinner is still cooking. Meanwhile, let us set the table.
Furthermore
게다가 / 더욱이
The venue is spacious; furthermore, it has a great view.
Moreover
게다가 / 더욱이
The plan is risky. Moreover, it is too expensive.
Besides
게다가 / ~외에도
I am too tired to go out. Besides, it is starting to rain.
Alternatively
그렇지 않으면 / 대안으로
You can take the bus; alternatively, we can share a taxi.
Conversely
반대로 / 역으로
City life is fast-paced; conversely, country life is peaceful.
Nevertheless
그렇지만 그럼에도 불구하고
The task was daunting; nevertheless, she decided to take it on.
Nonetheless
그럼에도 불구하고
He was exhausted; nonetheless, he finished the race.
Instead
대신에
We did not go to the beach. Instead, we stayed home.
Otherwise
그렇지 않으면 / 그 외에는
Hurry up, otherwise you will miss the beginning of the movie.
Likewise
마찬가지로 / 똑같이
Treat others with respect, and they will treat you likewise.
Similarly
비슷하게 / 마찬가지로
Daught is difficult; similarly, raising teenagers requires patience.
Equally
동등하게 / 평등하게 / 똑같이
Both candidates are equally qualified for the position.
Partially
부분적으로
The highway was partially blocked due to an accident.
Completely
완전히 / 전적으로
I completely forgot about our appointment yesterday.
Entirely
온전히 / 완전히
His explanation was entirely different from what I expected.
Thoroughly
철저히 / 완전히
Please read the contract thoroughly before signing it.
Deeply
깊이 / 심히
She was deeply moved by the heartwarming story.
Greatly
크게 / 대단히
Your advice has helped me greatly in my career.
Extremely
극도로 / 극히
It is extremely important to follow safety guidelines.
Incredibly
믿을 수 없을 만큼 / 대단히
The weather was incredibly hot during our summer vacation.
Remarkably
놀라울 정도로 / 두드러지게
She recovered remarkably fast from the surgery.
Surprisingly
놀랍게도
Surprisingly, the youngest player scored the winning goal.
Astonishingly
놀랍게도 / 깜짝 놀랄 만큼
The artifact was preserved in astonishingly good condition.
Fortunately
다행히도
Fortunately, nobody was injured in the car crash.
Luckily
운 좋게도
Luckily, I found my lost wallet under the bench.
Regrettably
유감스럽게도
Regrettably, we cannot accept your application at this time.
Unfortunately
불행히도 / 안타깝게도
Unfortunately, the concert was canceled due to bad weather.
Undoubtedly
틀림없이 / 의심할 여지 없이
She is undoubtedly one of the best scientists in her field.
Certainly
틀림없이 / 확실히
I will certainly help you move this weekend.
Definitely
분명히 / 확실히
That restaurant is definitely worth visiting.
Surely
틀림없이 / 확실히 / 설마
You surely do not believe his wild stories.
Probably
아마도
It will probably rain later this afternoon, so take an umbrella.
Perhaps
어쩌면 / 아마도
Perhaps we can discuss this issue tomorrow morning.
Maybe
어쩌면 / 아마
Maybe we should call ahead to check table availability.
Potentially
잠재적으로 / 어쩌면
This new drug could be potentially life-saving.
Allegedly
전해지는 바에 의하면 / 소문에 의하면
He was allegedly involved in the financial scandal.
Reportedly
보도에 따르면 / 소문에 의하면
The company is reportedly planning a massive layoff.
Supposedly
소문에 의하면 / 소문에는
The movie is supposedly based on a true story.
Seemingly
겉보기에는 / 겉으로 봐서는
He solved the seemingly impossible puzzle in seconds.
Literally
말 그대로 / 말도 안 되게(과장 표현)
I was so tired that I literally fell asleep standing up.
Practically
사실상 / 거의
The project is practically finished except for a few typos.
Fundamentally
근본적으로
Our opinions on the matter are fundamentally different.
Essentially
근본적으로 / 본질적으로
The two proposals are essentially the same.
Basically
기본적으로 / 대개
The system is basically easy to learn once you get used to it.
Primarily
주로
Her research focuses primarily on renewable energy.
Accidentally
우연히 / 뜻하지 않게
I accidentally deleted the wrong file from my computer.
Deliberately
고의로 / 일부러
He denied that he had deliberately damaged the equipment.
Intentionally
고의로 / 작정하고
She did not mean to hurt your feelings intentionally.
Accurately
정확하게 / 정밀하게
It is difficult to predict the weather accurately a week in advance.
Adequately
적절하게 / 충분히
The building was not adequately prepared for the heavy snowfall.
Aggressively
공격적으로 / 적극적으로
The company is marketing its new product very aggressively.
Anxiously
불안하게 / 간절히
The students waited anxiously for their final exam results.
Apparently
보기에는 / 겉보기에는 / 명백히
Apparently, the meeting has been postponed until next week.
Arrogantly
거만하게 / 오만하게
He spoke arrogantly, dismissing everyone else’s ideas.
Articulately
또렷하게 / 유창하게
She explained her complex theory clearly and articulately.
Automatically
자동으로
The doors open automatically when you approach them.
Bitterly
비참하게 / 몹시 / 씁쓸하게
He wept bitterly after losing the championship match.
Bravely
용감하게
The firefighter bravely entered the burning building.
Briefly
간략하게 / 잠시
Could you explain the project plan briefly before we start?
Brilliantly
훌륭하게 / 눈부시게
The young pianist performed the difficult concerto brilliantly.
Cautiously
조심스럽게 / 신중하게
She stepped cautiously onto the thin sheet of ice.
Chronologically
연대순으로 / 시간 순으로
The historical events are arranged chronologically in the book.
Closely
밀접하게 / 면밀히
Please monitor the patient’s heart rate very closely.
Comfortably
편안하게
The sofa is large enough for three people to sit comfortably.
Compassionately
동정심을 가지고 / 연민으로
The nurse treated all the patients kindly and compassionately.
Compulsively
강박적으로 / 참을 수 없이
He checks his smartphone compulsively every few minutes.
Consciously
의식적으로 / 자각하여
I tried consciously to improve my posture while walking.
Consistently
일관되게 / 한결같이
Her performance has improved consistently over the past year.
Courageously
용기 있게
She spoke out courageously against the unfair workplace policies.
Creatively
창의적으로
The team solved the difficult logistical problem creatively.
Cynically
냉소적으로
He smiled cynically when hearing the politicians promises.
Deceptively
현혹하게 / 겉보기와는 다르게
The simple-looking math problem was deceptively difficult.
Decisively
결단력 있게 / 단호하게
The manager acted decisively to resolve the crisis.
Desperately
필사적으로 / 절실히
They were desperately searching for a missing child.
Diligently
부지런히 / 열심히
He worked diligently to prepare for his professional exam.
Directly
직접 / 곧바로
You can access the manager’s office directly through this door.
Dreadfully
무섭게 / 몹시 / 지독하게
The weather was dreadfully cold during our winter trip.
Dramatically
극적으로 / 급격히
The city skyline changed dramatically over the last decade.
Eagerly
열심히 / 간절히 / 학수고대하며
The children opened their birthday presents eagerly.
Effortlessly
힘들이지 않고 / 수월하게
The grandmaster won the chess game almost effortlessly.
Elegantly
우아하게 / 고상하게
She walked down the runway gracefully and elegantly.
Emotionally
감정적으로 / 정서적으로
The tragic ending of the movie left him emotionally drained.
Energetically
활기차게 / 정력적으로
The puppies ran around the backyard energetically.
Enthusiastically
열광적으로 / 열정적으로
The audience applauded enthusiastically at the end of the play.
Equitably
공정하게 / 공평하게
The resources should be distributed equitably among all members.
Erroneously
잘못하여 / 오류로
His name was erroneously omitted from the guest list.
Ethically
윤리적으로 / 도덕적으로
We must ensure that our business practices are conducted ethically.
Eventually
결국 / 마침내
If you keep practicing, you will eventually master the skill.
Exclusively
배타적으로 / 독점적으로 / 오로지
This parking space is reserved exclusively for senior staff.
Expeditiously
신속하게 / 처치 신속히
Please handle this customer complaint as expeditiously as possible.
Externally
외부적으로 / 겉으로
The building looks fine externally, but the interior needs repair.
Faithfully
성실하게 / 충실히
He has served the company faithfully for over thirty years.
Fiercely
맹렬히 / 격렬하게
The two teams competed fiercely for the championship trophy.
Finally
마침내 / 드디어
She finally finished writing her thesis after months of hard work.
Flawlessly
흠 잡을 데 없이 / 완벽하게
The software program ran flawlessly during testing.
Flexibly
유연하게
We need to think flexibly when facing unexpected challenges.
Foolishly
어리석게도
I foolishly left my passport on the kitchen table.
Gently
부드럽게 / 다정하게
She picked up the fragile glass ornament very gently.
Generously
너그럽게 / 후하게
The wealthy businessman donated generously to the local library.
Genuinely
진심으로 / 진정으로
I was genuinely surprised by the surprise birthday party.
Gradually
서서히 / 점진적으로
The dark clouds gradually cleared away as morning approached.
Guiltily
죄책감을 느끼며 / 켕기는 듯이
He looked down guiltily when asked who ate the cookies.
Harmoniously
조화롭게 / 사이좋게
The different departments worked together harmoniously.
Hastily
서두라서 / 급하게
She scribbled a note hastily before running out the door.
Heartily
진심으로 / 실컷
We all laughed heartily at his funny jokes.
Heavily
심하게 / 무겁게
It started to snow heavily late last night.
Hopefully
바라건대 / 희망을 갖고
Hopefully, the weather will clear up for our picnic tomorrow.
Horribly
지독하게 / 끔찍하게
Things went horribly wrong during the product presentation.
Humbly
겸손하게
He accepted the award humbly, thanking his colleagues.
Identically
동일하게
The twins were dressed almost identically today.
Imaginatively
상상력을 발휘하여 / 창의적으로
The room was decorated imaginatively for the children’s party.
Impatiently
참을성 없이 / 조급하게
He tapped his fingers on the desk impatiently.
Improperly
부적절하게 / 잘못하여
The equipment broke because it was used improperly.
Indoors
실내에서
Because of the heavy rain, we had to play games indoors.
Infinitely
무한히 / 한없이
The new version of the app is infinitely better than the old one.
Innocently
순수하게 / 악의 없이
She asked the question quite innocently, not meaning to offend.
Instantly
즉시 / 곧바로
The medicine worked instantly to relieve his headache.
Internally
내부적으로
The company decided to hire a new director internally.
Irrevocably
돌이킬 수 없이 / 변경할 수 없게
The scandal damaged his political career irrevocably.
Jointly
공동으로 / 함께
The two companies developed the new technology jointly.
Joyfully
기쁘게 / 즐겁게
The crowd cheered joyfully when the national team scored.
Judiciously
현명하게 / 신중하게
You should spend your limited budget very judiciously.
Keenly
날카롭게 / 예민하게 / 간절히
She was keenly aware of the tension in the room.
Knowingly
알면서도 / 고의로
He denied knowingly breaking the confidentiality agreement.
Lastly
마지막으로
Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who helped organize this event.
Lazily
나태하게 / 게으르게
The cat stretched lazily in the warm patch of sunlight.
Locally
현지에서 / 국부적으로
Most of the vegetables sold at this market are grown locally.
Loosely
느슨하게 / 대충
Tie the ribbon loosely around the gift box.
Magnificently
장려하게 / 훌륭하게
The fireworks display lit up the night sky magnificently.
Manually
수동으로 / 손으로
If the power fails, the gate can be opened manually.
Meaningfully
의미 있게
We spent the afternoon having a deeply meaningful conversation.
Mentally
정신적으로
Running a marathon is as much mentally challenging as it is physically.
Mistakenly
오인하여 / 실수로
I mistakenly thought the meeting was scheduled for Tuesday.
Mysteriously
신비롭게 / 불가사의하게
The car keys disappeared mysteriously from the kitchen counter.
Naturally
자연스럽게 / 당연히
She smiled naturally when the photographer took her picture.
Neatly
깔끔하게 / 단정하게
All his clothes were folded neatly in the drawer.
Nervously
초조하게 / 불안하게
He bit his fingernails nervously while waiting for the interview.
Noisily
시끄럽게
The heavy truck rumbled noisily down the narrow street.
Normally
보통 / 대개 / 정상적으로
Normally, I take the bus to work, but today I drove.
Notoriously
악명 높게 / 소문나게
Traffic in this city is notoriously bad during rush hour.
Objectively
객관적으로
Try to look at the situation objectively before making a decision.
Openly
공공연히 / 터놓고
They discussed their concerns openly during the team meeting.
Optimistically
낙관적으로
Despite the setbacks, she remained optimistically focused on the future.
Outdoors
야외에서 / 밖에서
The children love playing sports outdoors in the park.
Patiently
참을성 있게 / 묵묵히
The customer stood in line patiently waiting for a teller.
Physically
신체적으로 / 물리적으로
After the long hike, I felt physically exhausted.
Pessimistically
비관적으로
He viewed the economic outlook rather pessimistically.
Promptly
즉시 / 지체없이 / 정확히(시간에 맞춰)
The train departed promptly at eight o’clock.
Quietly
조용히
Please enter the library quietly so you do not disturb others.
Accordingly
따라서 / 그에 상응하여
The weather forecast predicts heavy rain; accordingly, the outdoor event has been canceled.
Additionally
게다가 / 추가로
The software is easy to use. Additionally, it offers advanced security features.
Afterward
그 후에 / 나중에
We had a great dinner at the restaurant and afterward went to see a movie.
Also
또한 / 게다가
She is an experienced manager; also, she speaks three languages fluently.
Alternatively
대안으로 / 그 대신에
You can take the morning flight; alternatively, we can drive there tomorrow.
Anyway
어쨌든 / 아무튼
It is raining outside, but I am going for a walk anyway.
As a consequence
그 결과로
He missed the deadline; as a consequence, his proposal was rejected.
As a result
결과적으로
She practiced every day; as a result, she won the piano competition.
At any rate
어쨌든 / 좌우간
The project might be delayed, but at any rate, we will finish it.
At the same time
그와 동시에 / 그럼에도 불구하고
The task is challenging; at the same time, it is very rewarding.
Besides
게다가 / 그밖에도
I do not want to go to the party; besides, I have too much work to do.
By comparison
이에 비해 / 비교해 보면
Last year was very difficult; by comparison, this year has been peaceful.
By contrast
대조적으로 / 이와는 대조적으로
Downtown is very crowded; by contrast, the suburbs are quiet.
By the way
그런데 / 그나저나
We had a wonderful trip. By the way, did you hear about John?
Consequently
결과적으로 / 따라서
Production costs increased; consequently, retail prices went up.
Conversely
반대로 / 역으로
City life is fast-paced; conversely, rural life is slow and relaxing.
Ere long
곧 / 머지않아
The situation will improve ere long if we stay focused.
Even so
그렇기는 하지만 / 그럼에도 불구하고
The ticket was quite expensive; even so, the concert was worth it.
Eventually
결국 / 마침내
He faced many obstacles, but eventually, he achieved his goal.
Finally
마침내 / 마지막으로
We discussed the budget, and finally, we reached an agreement.
For example
예를 들어
Many fruits are rich in vitamins; for example, oranges contain high vitamin C.
For instance
예를 들면
Some sports carry a high risk of injury; for instance, rugby and boxing.
For one thing
우선 한 가지 이유는
I cannot buy that car right now; for one thing, it is too expensive.
Furthermore
게다가 / 더욱이
The venue is spacious; furthermore, it has a great parking lot.
Hence
그러므로 / 이런 이유로
He failed to submit the report; hence, he received a warning.
Henceforth
지금부터는 / 앞으로는
All employees must follow these rules henceforth.
However
그러나 / 그렇지만
The weather was cold; however, we enjoyed our hike.
In addition
게다가 / 추가로
The hotel room was clean; in addition, it had a wonderful view.
In any event
어쨌든 / 무슨 일이 있어도
It might rain, but in any event, we are going hiking.
In brief
간단히 말해서
The proposal has too many flaws; in brief, we must reject it.
In conclusion
결론적으로
The strategy proved successful; in conclusion, we met our target.
In contrast
대조적으로
Mark is very outgoing; in contrast, his brother is quite shy.
In effect
사실상 / 실질적으로
The new policy is, in effect, a complete ban on overtime.
In fact
사실은 / 실제로
He looks young, but in fact, he is over forty.
In like manner
마찬가지로
Hard work brings success; in like manner, dedication yields results.
In particular
특히
I love all genres of music; in particular, classical music.
In reality
실제로 / 현실은
The task seemed easy; in reality, it took hours to finish.
In short
요컨대 / 요약하자면
We lost our funding and our team leader resigned; in short, we are in trouble.
In spite of that
그럼에도 불구하고
The odds were against us; in spite of that, we won.
In summary
요약하자면
The project was completed on time; in summary, it was a success.
Indeed
참으로 / 사실은
The concert was fantastic; indeed, it was the best I have ever seen.
Instead
대신에
We did not go to the beach; instead, we stayed home.
Likewise
마찬가지로
Treat others with respect, and they will treat you likewise.
Meanwhile
그동안에 / 한편
Dinner is still cooking; meanwhile, let us set the table.
Moreover
게다가 / 더욱이
The plan is innovative; moreover, it is cost-effective.
Namely
즉 / 다시 말해
We have one major problem to solve; namely, the budget shortfall.
Naturally
당연히 / 자연스럽게
He studied very hard; naturally, he passed the exam.
Nevertheless
그럼에도 불구하고
The task was daunting; nevertheless, she took it on.
Next
다음에 / 그리고 나서
First, read the instructions; next, begin the assembly.
Nonetheless
그렇지만도 /럼에도 불구하고
He was exhausted; nonetheless, he finished the race.
Notably
특히 / 현저히
Several issues were raised, notably the lack of communication.
Now
이제 / 자
We have finished the review; now, let us move to the next phase.
On the contrary
오히려 / 그와는 반대로
I do not hate my job; on the contrary, I love it.
On the other hand
반면에 / 다른 한편으로
City life is exciting; on the other hand, it can be stressful.
Otherwise
그렇지 않으면
Hurry up; otherwise, you will miss the train.
Particularly
특히
The whole museum was great, particularly the painting gallery.
Pending
~가 미결인 동안 / 보류 중에
The deal is pending; meanwhile, no announcements will be made.
Plus
게다가 / 더하기
The dress is gorgeous; plus, it is on sale.
Rather
오히려 / 차라리
I do not want to stay indoors; rather, I want to go for a walk.
Regardless
무엇보다 / 그럼에도 불구하고
It might rain, but regardless, we will hold the festival.
Similarly
마찬가지로 / 비슷하게
Reading expands the mind; similarly, traveling broadens horizons.
Specifically
구체적으로 / 특히
The rules apply to everyone; specifically, the new recruits.
Still
그럼에도 불구하고 / 아직도
The car broke down twice; still, he likes driving it.
Subsequently
그 후에 / 이어서
He injured his knee in practice and subsequently missed the game.
That is
즉 / 다시 말해서
The deadline is tomorrow; that is, we have only 24 hours left.
Then
그럼 / 그리고 나서 / 그 당시에
Finish your homework first; then you can play video games.
Therefore
그러므로
She practiced diligently; therefore, she won first place.
Thus
따라서 / 이런 식으로
The company reduced waste; thus, it lowered operational costs.
To begin with
우선 / 무엇보다도 먼저
I cannot accept this job; to begin with, the pay is too low.
To that end
그 목적을 달성하기 위해
We want to expand globally; to that end, we hired a new consultant.
Undoubtedly
의심할 여지 없이 / 틀림없이
She is hardworking; undoubtedly, she will succeed.
Uniquely
독특하게
The design is modern; uniquely, it incorporates recycled materials.
Vis-a-vis
관하여 / 비교하여
Our performance improved vis-a-vis our competitors.
What is more
게다가 / 더욱이
The hotel is cheap; what is more, it includes breakfast.
Yet
그렇지만도 / 그럼에도 불구하고
The weather is freezing; yet, the children are playing outside.
Above all
무엇보다도
Be honest in your dealings; above all, respect your clients.
After a fashion
어쨌든 /럭키하게나마
He fixed the computer, after a fashion, but it still crashes.
All the same
그렇다 하더라도 / 그래도 마찬가지로
It is a long walk, but I will go all the same.
At all events
어쨌든 / 좌우간
We may miss the train, but at all events, we will arrive.
By and large
대체로 / 전반적으로
The plan had minor flaws, but by and large, it was a success.
Chiefly
주로 / 대개
The delay was caused chiefly by technical issues.
Contrariwise
그 반대로 / 거꾸로
She expected failure; contrariwise, she achieved great success.
Equally important
마찬가지로 중요한 것은
We need financial support; equally important is community backing.
Even so
그럼에도 불구하고
The test was difficult; even so, everyone passed.
Far from it
전혀 그렇지 않다 / 그どころか
He is not lazy; far from it, he works harder than anyone.
Granted
비록 ~일지라도 / 인정하건대
Granted, the car is old, but it runs perfectly.
In any case
어쨌든 / 무슨 일이 있어도
We might not finish today; in any case, we will try our best.
In like wise
마찬가지로
He helped us out; in like wise, we should support him.
In much the same way
거의 같은 방식으로
Plants need water; in much the same way, pets require care.
In other words
다 다시 말해서
The contract has expired; in other words, we must renew it.
In passing
지나가는 말로 / 우연히
She mentioned the project in passing during lunch.
Insomuch
대단히 / ~인 한도에서
He was helpful insomuch as he pointed out the error.
More importantly
더욱 중요한 것은
The venue is close; more importantly, it is free.
Most importantly
가장 중요한 것은
We must be safe; most importantly, we must protect the children.
Of course
물론
You can use my laptop; of course, you must handle it with care.
On balance
모든 것을 고려해 볼 때 / 대체로
There were some problems, but on balance, it was a good trip.
Or rather
아니면 오히려 / 정확히 말하면
I will be late, or rather, I might not make it at all.
Suffice it to say
말할 것도 없이 / 간단히 말해
Suffice it to say, the presentation was a complete disaster.
To sum up
요약하자면
To sum up, the new system will save time and money.
To that effect
그런 취지로 / 그에 준하여
He sent an email stating his decision and a message to that effect.
Abandon
포기하다 / 버리다
They had to abandon their car due to the heavy snow.
Abolish
(법률·제도 등을) 폐지하다
The government decided to abolish the outdated tax law.
Absurd
터무니없는 / 불합리한
It is absurd to think that money can buy true happiness.
Accelerate
가속화하다 / 속도를 내다
The driver pressed the pedal to accelerate the car.
Accessible
접근하기 쉬운 / 이용 가능한
The building is easily accessible for people in wheelchairs.
Accommodate
수용하다 / (요구에) 부응하다
The hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.
Accumulate
축적하다 / 모으다
Dust tends to accumulate quickly on the bookshelf.
Accurate
정확한 / 정밀한
We need accurate data to make a reliable decision.
Accustomed
익숙한 / 습관이 된
She is accustomed to working late hours.
Acknowledge
인정하다 / (편지 수령 등을) 알리다
He refused to acknowledge his mistake during the meeting.
Acquire
습득하다 / 획득하다
Children acquire language skills naturally through interaction.
Adequate
적절한 / 충분한
Make sure you have adequate food and water for the trip.
Adjacent
인접한 / 가까운
Their house is adjacent to the public park.
Adjust
조정하다 / 적응하다
It takes time to adjust to a new cultural environment.
Administer
관리하다 / 집행하다 / (약을) 투여하다
The nurse will administer the vaccine to the patients.
Adolescent
청소년기 / 청소년의
Adolescents often experience rapid physical and emotional changes.
Adopt
입양하다 / (제도·방침을) 채택하다
The company decided to adopt a new marketing strategy.
Adverse
역경의 / 불리한 / 해로운
The flight was delayed due to adverse weather conditions.
Advocate
지지하다 / 옹호자
She is a strong advocate for environmental protection.
Affection
애정 / 호의
The puppy showed great affection toward its owner.
Afford
~할 여유가 있다 / 제공하다
We cannot afford to lose any more time on this project.
Aggressive
공격적인 / 적극적인
The entrepreneur pursued an aggressive expansion policy.
Agitate
선동하다 / 마음을 동요시키다
The speech was designed to agitate the crowd.
Allocate
할당하다 / 배분하다
The manager will allocate tasks to each team member.
Alter
변경하다 / 바꾸다
You need to alter your lifestyle if you want to stay healthy.
Alternative
대안 / 대안의
We must find an alternative solution to this energy crisis.
Ambiguous
모호한 / 애매한
His ambiguous answer left everyone feeling confused.
Ambitious
야심찬 / 대단한
She has ambitious plans to start her own tech company.
Ample
충분한 / 넓은
There is ample evidence to support his theory.
Analogy
비유 / 유추
He explained the complex concept using a simple analogy.
Analyse
분석하다
Scientists need to analyse the test results carefully.
Animate
생기를 불어넣다 / 살아 있는
Her presence seemed to animate the entire room.
Anticipate
예상하다 / 기대하다
We do not anticipate any major problems during the launch.
Anxiety
불안 / 염려
Public speaking can cause a great deal of anxiety for students.
Apparent
명백한 / 겉보기의
It became apparent that she was not telling the truth.
Appeal
호소하다 / 매력 / 항소
The charity launched an appeal for emergency donations.
Appetite
식욕 / 욕구
A long walk in the fresh air stimulates your appetite.
Applaud
박수갈채하다 / 칭찬하다
The audience stood up to applaud the wonderful performance.
Application
지원서 / 적용 / 응용
You must submit your job application before Friday.
Appreciate
진가를 알아보다 / 감사하다 / 이해하다
I truly appreciate your help and support.
Appropriate
적절한 / 알맞은
Please wear appropriate clothing for the formal interview.
Approximate
대략의 / 근사치이다
The approximate cost of the repair will be 200 dollars.
Arbitrary
임의적인 / 독단적인
The decision seemed completely arbitrary and unfair.
Arduous
고된 / 힘든
Climbing the steep mountain was an arduous journey.
Arouse
자극하다 / 불러일으키다
The mysterious story managed to arouse my curiosity.
Articulate
분명히 표현하다 / 말문이 트인
He struggled to articulate his thoughts during the debate.
Ascend
오르다 / 올라가다
The hikers began to ascend the mountain path at dawn.
Ascribe
~의 탓으로 돌리다
They ascribe their business success to hard work.
Aspect
관점 / 측면 / 국면
We need to consider every aspect of the marketing plan.
Assemble
모으다 / 조립하다
The workers assemble the electronic parts in the factory.
Assert
주장하다 / 단언하다
She continued to assert her innocence despite the accusations.
Assess
평가하다 / 재다
Experts will assess the damage caused by the storm.
Assign
할당하다 / 배정하다
The teacher will assign homework at the end of class.
Assist
돕다 / 보조하다
He was hired to assist the senior manager with paperwork.
Assume
추정하다 / (책임·역할을) 맡다
Do not assume that everyone shares your opinion.
Assure
안심시키다 / 장담하다
I can assure you that the product is safe to use.
Astonish
깜짝 놀라게 하다
Her brilliant musical talent never fails to astonish me.
Attach
붙이다 / 첨부하다
Please attach your resume to the email message.
Attain
달성하다 / 이루다
Hard work and perseverance helped her attain her goals.
Attempt
시도하다 / 시도
He made an attempt to break the world swimming record.
Attend
참석하다 / 돌보다 / 주의를 기울이다
All employees must attend the monthly safety briefing.
Attribute
특성 / ~의 탓으로 돌리다
Patience is an essential attribute for a good teacher.
Audible
들리는 / 들을 수 있는
His voice was barely audible over the loud music.
Authentic
진짜의 / 진정한
The museum curator verified that the painting was authentic.
Authorize
권한을 주다 / 승인하다
Only the director can authorize this financial transaction.
Automated
자동화된
The factory uses an automated system for packaging products.
Autonomous
자율적인 / 자치의
The region gained autonomous status after years of struggle.
Available
이용 가능한 / 구할 수 있는
Tickets for the concert are available online now.
Avert
(위험·타격을) 방지하다 / 피하다
Quick action by the pilot helped avert a major disaster.
Baffle
당혹스럽게 하다 / 혼란스럽게 하다
The complex science puzzle continued to baffle the students.
Barrier
장벽 / 장애물
Language can be a major barrier when traveling abroad.
Basement
지하층 / 지하실
We store old boxes and winter clothes in the basement.
Beneficial
유익한 / 이로운
Eating vegetables and exercising regularly is beneficial for health.
Betray
배신하다 / (비밀을) 누설하다
He felt deeply hurt when his close friend decided to betray him.
Bewilder
어리둥절하게 하다 / 당황하게 하다
The sudden change in policy tended to bewilder employees.
Bias
편견 / 선입관
Journalists must strive to report news without any political bias.
Bizarre
기괴한 / 별난
We witnessed a bizarre incident on our way home.
Blame
비난하다 / ~의 탓으로 돌리다
Do not blame others for your own mistakes.
Bleak
황량한 / 암울한 / 절망적인
The economic outlook for the small town looked rather bleak.
Boast
자랑하다 / 뽐내다
He loves to boast about his achievements on the sports field.
Boost
북돋우다 / 신장시키다 / 인상
The new marketing campaign helped boost sales significantly.
Bother
괴롭히다 / 신경 쓰다 / 수고롭게 하다
Sorry to bother you, but could you answer a quick question?
Bound
의무가 있는 / 꼭 ~할 것 같은 / 경계
If you study hard, you are bound to pass the test.
Breathtaking
숨이 멎을 듯한 / 아주 아름다운
The view from the top of the mountain was breathtaking.
Brief
간단한 / 잠시의
The manager called a brief meeting before the shift started.
Brilliant
눈부신 / 훌륭한 / 영리한
She came up with a brilliant idea to solve the problem.
Budget
예산 / 예산안을 세우다
We need to plan our household budget carefully this month.
Burden
부담 / 짐 / 지우다
Carrying too much debt can become a heavy financial burden.
Bureaucracy
관료 제도 / 관료주의
The company wanted to cut red tape and reduce unnecessary bureaucracy.
Calculate
계산하다 / 추정하다
Can you calculate the total cost including tax?
Campaign
캠페인 / 운동
The city launched a safety campaign to reduce traffic accidents.
Candid
솔직한 / 숨김없는
She gave a candid interview about her past struggles.
Capable
유능한 / ~할 수 있는
He is a highly capable engineer with years of experience.
Capacity
용량 / 수용력 / 능력
The stadium reached full capacity before the big match.
Capture
포획하다 / (관심을) 사로잡다
The stunning photograph managed to capture the essence of nature.
Category
범주 / 부문
Books in the library are sorted by category.
Cater
(요구에) 맞추다 / 음식을 공급하다
The restaurant specializes in catering for large wedding parties.
Caution
조심 / 경고
Drivers should exercise extreme caution on slippery roads.
Cease
중단하다 / 멈추다
The factory was ordered to cease operations due to pollution.
Celebrated
유명한 / 저명한
The concert featured several celebrated classical musicians.
Censor
검열하다 / 검열관
The government decided to censor certain scenes from the movie.
Certainty
확실성 / 확실한 것
There is no absolute certainty that the plan will succeed.
Challenge
도전하다 / 난제 / 이의를 제기하다
The young athlete is ready to challenge the reigning champion.
Chaos
혼돈 / 혼란
The sudden power outage plunged the building into total chaos.
Characterize
특징짓다 / 묘사하다
His writing style is often characterized by dry humor.
Charitable
자선(용)의 / 너그러운
She makes regular donations to several charitable organizations.
Cherish
소중히 여기다 / 간직하다
I will always cherish the wonderful memories of my childhood.
Chronic
만성의 / 장기적인
He suffers from chronic back pain after the accident.
Circumstance
환경 / 상황 / 정황
We must adapt to the changing economic circumstances.
Cite
인용하다 / 언급하다
The essay must cite reliable academic sources.
Civilization
문명
Ancient civilizations flourished along major river valleys.
Clarify
명확히 하다 / 분명히 설명하다
Could you clarify the instructions for the assignment?
Classify
분류하다
The library books are classified according to their subjects.
Client
의뢰인 / 고객
The lawyer discussed the contract details with her client.
Climax
정점 / 절정
The mystery novel reaches its exciting climax in the final chapter.
Cluster
무리 / 성단 / 모이다
A cluster of stars was visible in the clear night sky.
Coincide
동시에 일어나다 / 일치하다
My vacation dates coincide with the annual music festival.
Collaborate
협력하다 / 공동 작업하다
The two artists decided to collaborate on a new mural.
Collapse
붕괴되다 / 무너지다 / 폭락
The old bridge threatened to collapse under the heavy weight.
Colleague
동료
She organized a farewell party for her retiring colleague.
Combine
결합하다 / 합치다
You can combine these two ingredients to make a sauce.
Commence
시작하다 / 개시하다
The graduation ceremony will commence at ten o’clock sharp.
Commerce
상업 / 무역
The city serves as a major center for international commerce.
Commit
저지르다 / 전념하다 / 약속하다
He promised to commit more time to his community service.
Commodity
상품 / 원자재
Oil and gas are traded as global commodities on the market.
Communicate
의사소통하다 / 전달하다
Good leaders know how to communicate their vision clearly.
Community
지역사회 / 공동체
The local community came together to clean up the park.
Commute
통근하다 / 통근
It takes him an hour to commute to downtown every morning.
Comparable
비슷한 / 견줄 만한
The two smartphones offer comparable performance at different prices.
Compensate
보상하다 / 보충하다
The company offered extra pay to compensate for overtime work.
Competent
유능한 / 자격을 갖춘
We need a competent technician to fix the server issue.
Compile
편집하다 / 모으다
She spent weeks trying to compile data for the research paper.
Complement
보완하다 / 보충물
The red wine makes a wonderful complement to the steak.
Complex
복잡한 / 복합 건물
The professor explained the complex physics theory in simple terms.
Comply
준수하다 / 따르다
All restaurants must comply with strict health and safety codes.
Component
부품 / 구성 요소
Microchips are a vital component in modern electronic devices.
Compose
구성하다 / 작곡하다 / 작성하다
Water molecules compose hydrogen and oxygen.
Comprehensive
포괄적인 / 종합적인
The school introduced a comprehensive health education program.
Compulsory
의무적인 / 강제적인
Physical education is a compulsory subject in most high schools.
Conceal
숨기다 / 감추다
He tried to conceal his disappointment behind a forced smile.
Concede
인정하다 / 패배를 인정하다
The candidate had to concede the election after counting votes.
Concentrate
집중하다 / 모으다
It is hard to concentrate on reading with all that noise outside.
Concept
개념 / 관념
The basic concept of renewable energy is easy to understand.
Conclude
결론을 내리다 / 끝내다
The meeting will conclude with a short question session.
Concrete
구체적인 / 콘크리트
We need concrete evidence before taking legal action.
Condemn
비난하다 / 규탄하다
World leaders strongly condemned the act of violence.
Conduct
행동 / 수행하다 / (지휘를) 하다
Scientists will conduct a series of clinical trials.
Conference
학술 회의 / 회담
She is scheduled to present her research paper at an international conference.
Confidential
비밀의 / 기밀의
All employee medical records must be kept strictly confidential.
Confirm
확인하다 / 확정하다
Please call the hotel front desk to confirm your reservation.
Conflict
갈등 / 충돌 / 충돌하다
Cultural differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and conflict.
Conform
따르다 / 순응하다
Students must conform to the dress code rules of the school.
Confront
직면하다 / 맞서다
We must confront our fears in order to grow stronger.
Congestion
혼잡 / 정체
Heavy traffic causes severe congestion during rush hours.
Connect
연결하다 / 잇다
This cable is used to connect the monitor to the computer.
Conscious
의식하는 / 자각하는
She was fully conscious during the medical procedure.
Consent
동의하다 / 승낙
Minors require parental consent to join the field trip.
Consequence
결과 / 중요함
Every action has a corresponding consequence.
Conserve
보존하다 / 아껴 쓰다
We should turn off lights to conserve electricity.
Considerable
상당한 / 적지 않은
The storm caused considerable damage to local buildings.
Consist
~로 이루어져 있다
A balanced diet should consist of various nutritious foods.
Constant
끊임없는 / 일정한
The machine requires constant maintenance to function properly.
Constitute
구성하다 / 차지하다
Young people constitute a large portion of the digital market.
Constrain
제한하다 / 억제하다
Tight budgets constrain our ability to hire new staff.
Construct
건설하다 / 구성하다
Workers plan to construct a new bridge across the river.
Consult
상담하다 / 참고하다
You should consult a doctor if your symptoms persist.
Consume
소비하다 / 먹다 / 소모하다
Modern cars consume less fuel than older models.
Contact
연락 / 접촉 / 연락하다
Feel free to contact me if you have any questions.
Contain
함유하다 / 포함하다
This soft drink does not contain any artificial flavors.
Contemporary
동시대의 / 현대의
The museum exhibits works by famous contemporary artists.
Contend
싸우다 / 주장하다 / 겨루다
Several athletes will contend for the gold medal.
Context
맥락 / 전후 사정
You need to read the sentence in context to understand the word.
Contradict
모순되다 / 반박하다
His statement during the trial tended to contradict previous accounts.
Contribute
기여하다 / 기부하다
Many citizens volunteered to contribute funds to the disaster victims.
Controversial
논란이 많은
The politician made a controversial remark about tax policies.
Convenient
편리한 / 알맞은
Online shopping is a convenient way to buy groceries.
Conventional
전통적인 / 관습적인
The farm uses organic methods rather than conventional fertilizers.
Convey
전달하다 / 운반하다
Art can convey deep emotions that words sometimes cannot.
Convince
설득하다 / 확신시키다
She tried to convince her parents to let her study abroad.
Cooperate
협력하다
All departments must cooperate to meet the corporate goal.
Coordinate
조정하다 / 조화시키다
The event planner will coordinate the schedule for the wedding.
Core
핵심 / 중심부
Honesty and trust are the core values of our company.
Corporate
기업의 / 법인의
The firm organized a retreat for its corporate executives.
Correspond
일치하다 / 서신을 교환하다
The results of the test correspond with our initial hypothesis.
Corrupt
부패한 / 타락시키다
The investigation exposed a corrupt system of bribery.
Cosmic
우주의
Astronomers study cosmic rays coming from distant galaxies.
Council
의회 / 협의회
The city council voted to approve the new public park project.
Counsel
상담하다 / 조언
The school counselor provides academic advice to students.
Counterpart
상대방 / 대응하는 것
The minister met with his foreign counterpart to discuss trade.
Courage
용기
It took great courage to speak out against injustice.
Crucial
중대한 / 결정적인
Good communication is crucial for a successful team.
Cultivate
경작하다 / (재능을) 기르다
Farmers use fertilizers to cultivate crops more efficiently.
Cumulative
누적되는 / 점증하는
The cumulative effect of smoking can lead to serious illness.
Curiosity
호기심
Children have a natural curiosity about how things work.
Customary
습관적인 / 관례적인
It is customary to leave a tip for the waiter in this country.
Damp
축축한 / 눅눅한
Do not leave wet clothes in a damp basement.
Dazzle
눈부시게 하다 / 매료시키다
The actress appeared on stage in a dazzling sequin dress.
Deadline
마감 기한
We must submit the final report before the Friday deadline.
Debate
토론 / 논쟁 / 토론하다
The two candidates will hold a televised debate tonight.
Debris
파편 / 잔해
Workers cleared away the debris left by the storm.
Decade
10년
Technology has advanced rapidly over the past decade.
Deceive
속이다 / 기만하다
Do not let his friendly smile deceive you.
Decipher
판독하다 / (암호를) 해독하다
The expert tried to decipher the ancient manuscript.
Decline
감소하다 / 거절하다 / 하락
Sales figures began to decline during the winter season.
Dedicate
헌신하다 / 바치다
She decided to dedicate her life to medical research.
Defect
결함 / 결점 / 망명하다
The factory recalled cars due to a steering mechanism defect.
Defend
방어하다 / 변호하다
The lawyer did his best to defend his client in court.
Deficiency
결핍 / 부족
A vitamin deficiency can lead to various health problems.
Define
정의하다 / 규정하다
Can you define the key terms used in this essay?
Defy
반항하다 / 불복종하다 / (설명 등이) 거부하다
The brave citizens chose to defy the oppressive rule.
Delegate
대표자 / 위임하다
A good manager knows how to delegate tasks effectively.
Deliberate
고의의 / 신중한 / 심사숙고하다
The jury took hours to deliberate on the verdict.
Delicate
섬세한 / 연약한 / 민감한
Please handle this fragile glass vase with great care.
Deliver
배달하다 / (연설 등을) 하다
The courier will deliver the package to your office.
Demolish
철거하다 / 파괴하다
The old building was scheduled to demolish next week.
Demonstrate
증명하다 / 시위하다 / 보여주다
The chef will demonstrate how to make fresh pasta.
Deny
부인하다 / 거절하다
The suspect continued to deny any involvement in the crime.
Depict
묘사하다 / 그리다
The painting depicts a peaceful landscape at sunset.
Deploy
배치하다 / 효율적으로 사용하다
The company plans to deploy new software across all devices.
Deposit
예금하다 / 보증금 / 퇴적시키다
You need to make a cash deposit to open a bank account.
Depress
우울하게 하다 / 침체시키다
Continuous rainy weather can sometimes depress people.
Deprive
빼앗다 / 박탈하다
Lack of sleep can deprive the brain of proper recovery.
Derive
끌어내다 / 유래하다
Many English words derive from Latin or Greek roots.
Designate
지정하다 / 지칭하다
This area is designated as a protected wildlife sanctuary.
Desolate
황량한 / 쓸쓸한
They traveled across a desolate desert landscape.
Despise
경멸하다 / 멸시하다
He tends to despise dishonesty in any form.
Destination
목적지 / 행선지
We finally reached our vacation destination after a long drive.
Detect
발견하다 / 탐지하다
Smoke detectors are designed to detect fire early.
Deteriorate
악화되다 / 나빠지다
His health began to deteriorate due to heavy stress.
Determine
결정하다 / 알아내다
An investigation was launched to determine the cause of the fire.
Devastate
황폐화시키다 / 큰 충격을 주다
The earthquake managed to devastate the entire town.
Deviate
벗어나다 / 이탈하다
Do not deviate from the established project guidelines.
Device
장치 / 기기
Smartphones are versatile electronic communication devices.
Devote
바치다 / 쏟다
She decided to devote more time to learning painting.
Diagnose
진단하다
The doctor was able to diagnose the illness accurately.
Dictate
구술하다 / 좌우하다 / 지시하다
Supply and demand often dictate market prices.
Differ
다르다 / 의견이 다르다
My opinion on this matter tends to differ from yours.
Differentiate
구별하다 / 차별화하다
It is hard to differentiate between the twin brothers.
Dignity
위엄 / 품위
She handled the difficult situation with grace and dignity.
Dilemma
진퇴양난 / 딜레마
He faced a tough dilemma regarding his career path.
Diminish
줄어들다 / 약화시키다
Her enthusiasm for the project did not diminish over time.
Disaster
재난 / 재앙
The storm turned into a natural disaster for local farmers.
Discard
버리다 / 폐기하다
Please discard any expired food items from the refrigerator.
Discern
식별하다 / 알아차리다
It was hard to discern shapes in the thick fog.
Discharge
방출하다 / 퇴원시키다 / 해고하다
The patient was finally discharged from the hospital.
Disclose
폭로하다 / 밝히다
The company refused to disclose confidential financial data.
Discriminate
차별하다 / 구별하다
Laws prohibit employers from discriminating against applicants.
Disguise
변장하다 / 숨기다 / 변장
He tried to disguise his voice during the phone call.
Disgust
역겹게 하다 / 혐오감
The spoiled food emitted a smell that caused disgust.
Dismantle
해체하다 / 분해하다
Mechanics had to dismantle the engine to find the fault.
Dismiss
묵살하다 / 해고하다 / 해산시키다
The teacher decided to dismiss the class early today.
Disorder
무질서 / 혼란 / 장애
The protest resulted in widespread public disorder.
Display
전시하다 / 보여주다 / 진열
The museum will display rare historical artifacts next month.
Dispose
처분하다 / 배치하다 / (~하고) 싶게 하다
Make sure to dispose of plastic waste properly.
Dispute
논쟁 / 분쟁 / 반박하다
The two neighboring countries tried to resolve their border dispute.
Disrupt
방해하다 / 지장을 주다
Heavy snow began to disrupt traffic flow across the city.
Distinguish
구별하다 / 분간하다
Even young infants can distinguish between different tones.
Distort
왜곡하다 / 비틀다
Do not distort the facts to fit your argument.
Distribute
분배하다 / 나눠주다
Volunteers will distribute food packets to the flood victims.
Diverse
다양한
Our university attracts students from diverse cultural backgrounds.
Divert
우회시키다 / (관심을) 딴 데로 돌리다
Police had to divert traffic due to a road accident.
Divine
신성한 / 천상의
Ancient temples were built as places of divine worship.
Domestic
국내의 / 가정의
The airline operates both international and domestic flights.
Dominant
우세한 / 지배적인
The tech company maintained a dominant position in the market.
Donate
기부하다 / 기증하다
He decided to donate books to the public library.
Doubtful
의심스러운 / 확실치 않은
It is highly doubtful whether the project will be finished on time.
Drastic
과감한 / 극단적인
The company had to take drastic measures to avoid bankruptcy.
Dread
두려워하다 / 두려움
She began to dread the upcoming dental appointment.
Drowsy
졸리는
The warm afternoon sun made him feel rather drowsy.
Duplicate
복사하다 / 복제품 / 사본의
Please keep a duplicate copy of the signed contract.
Durable
내구성이 있는 / 오래 가는
Hiking boots need to be sturdy and durable.
Dynamic
역동적인 / 원동력
The city has a vibrant and dynamic cultural scene.
Eager
열렬한 / 간절히 바라는
The children were eager to open their holiday gifts.
Eccentric
괴짜인 / 별난
The old artist was known for his eccentric lifestyle.
Eclipse
일식 / 월식 / 가리다
We gathered outside to watch the total solar eclipse.
Ecology
생태학 / 생태계
Students study forest ecology in their biology class.
Economical
경제적인 / 실속 있는
Driving a hybrid car is much more economical.
Edit
편집하다 / 교정하다
She spent hours trying to edit her draft manuscript.
Effective
효과적인
This medicine is highly effective in treating headaches.
Efficient
효율적인 / 유능한
New machinery makes the production line much more efficient.
Elaborate
정교한 / 자세히 설명하다
She wore an elaborate dress for the formal ball.
Elicit
(반응 등을) 끌어내다
The teacher tried to elicit answers from the quiet students.
Eligible
자격이 있는
Full-time employees are eligible for health insurance benefits.
Eliminate
제거하다 / 없애다
Regular exercise helps eliminate stress and tension.
Eloquent
웅변을 잘하는 / 유창한
She delivered an eloquent speech that moved the audience.
Embarrass
당황하게 하다
He did not mean to embarrass his friend with public praise.
Emerge
드러나다 / 나타나다
The sun began to emerge from behind the dark clouds.
Emphasize
강조하다
The instructor wanted to emphasize the importance of safety.
Employ
고용하다 / (수단 등을) 쓰다
The local factory plans to employ fifty new workers.
Enable
~할 수 있게 하다
New technology will enable remote workers to collaborate easily.
Encounter
마주치다 / 부딪히다 / 만남
We might encounter some technical issues during the test.
Endeavor
노력 / 애쓰다 / 시도하다
Space exploration is a grand scientific endeavor.
Endure
견디다 / 참다
The athletes had to endure harsh weather conditions.
Enforce
시행하다 / 집행하다 / 강요하다
Police officers are trained to enforce traffic laws.
Engage
사로잡다 / 종사하다 / 관여하다
The interactive game managed to engage the students.
Enhance
향상시키다 / 높이다
Using graphics can help enhance the quality of your presentation.
Enormous
막대한 / 거대한
The project required an enormous amount of time and effort.
Ensure
반드시 ~하게 하다 / 보장하다
Please check the door locks to ensure safety at night.
Entertain
즐겁게 해주다 / 환대하다
The street musicians played music to entertain passersby.
Enthusiasm
열정 / 열광
She showed great enthusiasm for her new career path.
Entire
전체의 / 온전한
He spent the entire weekend studying for his final exam.
Entitled
자격이 있는 / 제목이 붙은
She read a novel entitled Pride and Prejudice.
Environment
환경
We must protect the natural environment from pollution.
Envision
마음에 그려보다 / 예상하다
The architect could clearly envision the finished building.
Episode
에피소드 / 삽화 / 사건
That funny event became a memorable episode in his life.
Equality
평등
Society should strive for social equality and justice.
Equip
장비를 갖추다 / 준비하다
The classroom is fully equipped with modern computers.
Equivalent
동등한 / 맞먹는 것
Ten dollars is roughly equivalent to eight euros.
Eradicate
근절하다 / 뿌리 뽑다
Governments worldwide are working to eradicate infectious diseases.
Erode
침식시키다 / 약화시키다
Strong ocean waves gradually erode the coastal cliffs.
Erroneous
잘못된 / 틀린
His report was based on erroneous data and false assumptions.
Erupt
(화산이) 폭발하다 / 터지다
The volcano began to erupt, sending ash into the sky.
Escalate
고조되다 / 확대되다
Minor disagreements can quickly escalate into serious arguments.
Essential
필수적인 / 본질적인
Water and food are essential for human survival.
Establish
설립하다 / 확립하다
The company was established in downtown Seoul twenty years ago.
Estate
사유지 / 재산 / 단지
He inherited a large country estate from his grandparents.
Estimate
추정하다 / 추정치
Experts estimate that the project will cost millions.
Eternal
영원한
Ancient poets wrote about the search for eternal youth.
Evacuate
대피하다 / 철수하다
Residents were ordered to evacuate the building immediately.
Evaluate
평가하다
Teachers evaluate students based on exams and projects.
Evaporate
증발하다 / 사라지다
Puddles on the street evaporate quickly under the hot sun.
Evasion
회피 / 모면
He was arrested on charges of tax evasion.
Evident
명백한 / 눈에 띄는
It was evident that she had spent hours practicing the piano.
Evoke
(감정·기억을) 떠올리게 하다 / 환기하다
The old song managed to evoke fond childhood memories.
Exaggerate
과장하다
Do not exaggerate the difficulties of the test; it is quite easy.
Exceed
초과하다 / 넘다
Car speed must not exceed the legal limit on the highway.
Exceptional
이외의 / 뛰어난 / 예외적인
She showed exceptional talent in painting from a very young age.
Excess
초과 / 과도한 / 여분의
Eating an excess of sugar can be harmful to your health.
Exchange
교환하다 / 환전 / 교환
They agreed to exchange gifts during the holiday gathering.
Excite
흥분시키다 / 자극하다
The thrilling movie ending managed to excite the audience.
Exclude
제외하다 / 배제하다
The price includes breakfast, but taxes are excluded.
Exclusive
배타적인 / 독점적인 / 고급의
The magazine published an exclusive interview with the star.
Execute
실행하다 / 처형하다
The team managed to execute the marketing plan flawlessly.
Exemplify
전형적으로 보여주다 / 예증하다
Her dedication and hard work exemplify true leadership.
Exhaust
지치게 하다 / 고갈시키다 / 배기가스
Long hours of physical work can exhaust even strong athletes.
Exhibit
전시하다 / 전시품
The local gallery will exhibit modern sculptures this week.
Exile
망명 / 추방하다
The political leader was forced to live in foreign exile.
Exist
존재하다
Many unique animal species exist in the remote rainforest.
Expand
확대하다 / 확장하다
The bookstore plans to expand its business into online sales.
Expedite
진행을 신속하게 하다 / 추진하다
We paid an extra fee to expedite the shipping process.
Expenditure
지출 / 비용
The company aims to reduce unnecessary operational expenditure.
Expertise
전문 지식 / 전문 기술
She shared her financial expertise with the startup team.
Expire
만료되다 / 끝나다
My passport is scheduled to expire at the end of this year.
Explicit
명백한 / 노골적인
The safety manual gives explicit instructions on machine operation.
Exploit
(부당하게) 이용하다 / 개척하다 / 위업
Companies should not exploit natural resources without care.
Explore
탐험하다 / 탐구하다
Scientists set out to explore the deep ocean trenches.
Exponential
기하급수적인
The technology industry experienced exponential growth recently.
Export
수출하다 / 수출품
The country produces high-quality electronics to export worldwide.
Expose
노출시키다 / 폭로하다
Do not expose sensitive skin to direct sunlight for too long.
Express
표현하다 / 속달의 / 급행의
Words cannot fully express how grateful I am.
Extend
연장하다 / 늘리다
The library agreed to extend the book return deadline.
Extensive
광범위한 / 대규모의
The storm caused extensive damage across the region.
External
외부의
The building requires external wall repairs and painting.
Extinct
멸종된 / 꺼진
Dinosaurs became extinct millions of years ago.
Extract
추출하다 / 발췌하다 / 추출물
Scientists extract oil from plant seeds for various uses.
Extravagant
사치스러운 / 낭비하는
They threw an extravagant party for their wedding anniversary.
Extreme
극극심한 / 극단적인
The climbers faced extreme weather conditions on the peak.
Fabricate
조작하다 / 날조하다 / 제작하다
He was accused of trying to fabricate financial records.
Facilitate
촉진하다 / 용이하게 하다
Modern software tools help facilitate online learning.
Fascinate
마음을 사로잡다 / 매료시키다
Ancient history never fails to fascinate young students.
Fatal
치명적인
A minor driving mistake can sometimes lead to fatal accidents.
Fatigue
피로 / 피곤
Extreme mental fatigue can affect your concentration.
Feasible
실현 가능한
We need to find a financially feasible solution to the crisis.
Feature
특징 / 특별히 포함하다
The new smartphone model has an advanced camera feature.
Federal
연방의
Federal laws apply across all states in the country.
Feedback
피드백 / 반응
Customer feedback helps us improve our product quality.
Ferocious
사나운 / 맹렬한
The wild animals faced each other in ferocious combat.
Fertile
비옥한 / 기름진
The river valley has rich and fertile soil for farming.
Fictional
허구의 / 소설의
Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective.
Fierce
격렬한 / 사나운
There was fierce competition among the runner athletes.
Filter
여과하다 / 필터 / 거르다
Air filters help remove dust and pollen from rooms.
Finance
재정 / 금융 / 자금을 공급하다
He decided to study finance and economics at university.
Flexible
유연한 / 융통성 있는
Our company offers flexible working hours for employees.
Flourish
번창하다 / 번성하다
Plants flourish in warm sunlight and regular watering.
Fluctuate
변동하다 / 오르내리다
Stock market prices tend to fluctuate on a daily basis.
Fluent
유창한
She is completely fluent in both English and French.
Focus
집중하다 / 초점
Try to focus your attention on the speaker during the lecture.
Forbid
금지하다
School rules forbid students from using phones in class.
Forecast
예측 / 예보하다
The weather forecast predicts sunny skies for tomorrow.
Foremost
가장 중요한 / 으뜸가는
She is one of the foremost experts in genetic research.
Forge
구축하다 / 위조하다 / 대장간
The two nations worked hard to forge a lasting alliance.
Formal
격식을 차린 / 공식적인
Guests are requested to wear formal attire for the banquet.
Formidable
가공할 / 어마어마한 / 만만찮은
The champion faced a formidable opponent in the final match.
Formula
공식 / 방식 / 제조법
Scientists used a mathematical formula to solve the problem.
Forsake
저버리다 / 포기하다
He promised never to forsake his core principles.
Fortunate
행운의
We were fortunate to find tickets for the sold-out concert.
Foster
조성하다 / 발전시키다 / 위탁 양육하다
The teacher tried to foster a love of reading in her students.
Fragile
깨지기 쉬운 / 약한
Please pack the fragile glassware in protective bubble wrap.
Fragment
조각 / 파편
Archaeologists found a small pottery fragment at the dig site.
Franchise
가맹점 / 프랜차이즈 / 선거권
The restaurant chain plans to open a new franchise branch.
Fraud
사기 / 사기꾼
He was convicted of bank fraud and financial crimes.
Frequent
자주 일어나는 / 빈번한
Heavy traffic and road repairs caused frequent delays.
Friction
마찰 / 마찰력
Lubricant is used to reduce mechanical friction in engines.
Fulfill
이행하다 / 성취하다 / 충족하다
She worked hard to fulfill her lifelong dream of becoming a doctor.
Function
기능 / 작용하다
The main function of the heart is to pump blood.
Fundamental
근본적인 / 필수적인
Trust is a fundamental element of any healthy relationship.
Furnish
제공하다 / 가구를 비치하다
The apartment comes fully furnished with modern furniture.
Furious
격분한 / 맹렬한
She was furious when she discovered her car had a scratch.
Futile
쓸데없는 / 헛된
Trying to argue with him when he is angry is completely futile.
Gallery
미술관 / 화랑 / 관람석
We spent the afternoon viewing modern art at the gallery.
Generate
발생시키다 / 만들어내다
Wind turbines are used to generate clean electricity.
Absorb
흡수하다
Plants absorb sunlight through their leaves during photosynthesis.
Acceleration
가속도
Gravity causes an object to fall with a constant acceleration.
Acid
산성 / 산
Lemon juice contains citric acid, which gives it a sour taste.
Adaptation
적응 / 진화적 적응
Camouflage is a useful adaptation for surviving in the wild.
Algorithm
알고리즘 / 연산 규칙
The computer program uses a complex search algorithm.
Altitude
고도 / 상공
Air pressure decreases as the altitude increases.
Amplitude
진폭
The volume of a sound wave depends on its amplitude.
Anatomy
해부학 / 해부 구조
Medical students spend months studying human anatomy.
Asteroid
소행성
Scientists track the orbits of near-Earth asteroids to prevent collisions.
Atom
원자
An atom consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons.
Bacteria
박테리아 / 세균
Some bacteria are beneficial to human digestion.
Biodiversity
생물 다양성
Rainforests are regions with exceptionally high biodiversity.
Catalyst
촉매 / 촉매제
An enzyme acts as a biological catalyst in chemical reactions.
Cell
세포 / 전지
The human body is made up of trillions of cells.
Celsius
섭씨의
Water freezes at zero degrees Celsius.
Chemical
화학의 / 화학물질
Mixing these two chemicals produces a bright green flame.
Chromosome
염색체
Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
Circuit
회로
A broken switch will open the electrical circuit.
Clone
복제하다 / 클론
Scientists successfully managed to clone the experimental cell.
Compound
화합물 / 혼합물
Water is a chemical compound made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Condensation
응결 / 응축
Morning dew forms due to the condensation of water vapor.
Conduction
전도 (열이나 전기)
Metal pans cook food quickly because of good heat conduction.
Conservation
보존 (에너지·질량 등)
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created.
Constellation
별자리
Orion is one of the most recognizable constellations in the night sky.
Continent
대륙
Plate tectonics explains how continents drift across the Earth.
Convection
대류
Boiling water moves in a circular pattern due to thermal convection.
Cortex
피질 (대뇌 등의 겉껍질 부위)
The cerebral cortex controls high-level cognitive functions.
Covalent
공유 결합의
Water molecules are held together by covalent bonds.
Data
데이터 / 자료
Researchers collected experimental data for analysis.
Decompose
분해되다 / 썩다
Organic waste will decompose naturally over time.
Density
밀도
Ice floats on water because its density is lower.
Diffusion
확산
The scent of perfume spreads through room air via diffusion.
DNA
디옥시리보핵산 (DNA)
DNA carries the genetic instructions for living organisms.
Ecosystem
생태계
Pollution can severely damage a fragile aquatic ecosystem.
Electron
전자
Electric current is the flow of free electrons through a wire.
Element
원소 / 요소
Gold is a chemical element represented by the symbol Au.
Embryo
배아
The plant embryo begins to grow inside the seed.
Energy
에너지
Solar panels convert sunlight into electrical energy.
Enzyme
효소
Digestive enzymes help break down food particles.
Equilibrium
평형 상태
The chemical reaction reached a state of dynamic equilibrium.
Erosion
침식
Coastal erosion is caused by constant waves hitting the cliffs.
Evolution
진화
Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
Experiment
실험
Scientists performed an experiment to test the hypothesis.
Fahrenheit
화씨의
Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit.
Fault
단층 (지질학)
Earthquakes often occur along major geological fault lines.
Fission
핵분열
Nuclear power plants generate electricity through nuclear fission.
Fluid
유체 (액체나 기체)
Hydraulic systems use pressurized fluid to lift heavy loads.
Force
힘
Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration.
Fossil
화석
Paleontologists discovered a dinosaur fossil in the desert.
Frequency
진동수 / 주파수
High-frequency sound waves cannot be heard by human ears.
Fusion
핵융합 / 융합
Stars produce light and heat through nuclear fusion.
Galaxy
은하
Our solar system is located within the Milky Way galaxy.
Gene
유전자
Eye color is determined by a specific combination of genes.
Genetics
유전학
Recent advances in genetics have transformed modern medicine.
Geology
지질학
Geology helps us understand the history of the Earth.
Gravity
중력
Gravity keeps planets in orbit around the sun.
Habitat
서식지
Deforestation destroys the natural habitat of many animals.
Helix
나선형
DNA has a characteristic double helix structure.
Hemisphere
반구 (지구 등의 반쪽)
Countries in the southern hemisphere experience winter in July.
Heredity
유전
Physical traits are passed down through heredity.
Hormone
호르몬
Adrenaline is a hormone released during stressful situations.
Hydrosphere
수권 (지구의 물 영역)
Oceans, rivers, and ice caps make up the Earth's hydrosphere.
Hypothesis
가설
The scientist designed a test to prove or disprove her hypothesis.
Inertia
관성
Newton's first law of motion describes the principle of inertia.
Infrared
적외선의
Night-vision goggles use infrared technology to detect heat.
Ion
이온
An ion is an atom that has gained or lost electric charge.
Isotope
동위원소
Carbon dating uses carbon isotopes to determine artifact ages.
Kinetic
운동의 / 운동 에너지를 다루는
A rolling ball possesses kinetic energy.
Latitude
위도
Regions near the equator have a low latitude.
Lithosphere
암석권 (지각과 상부 맨틀)
Tectonic plates float on the layer beneath the lithosphere.
Longitude
경도
Time zones are established based on lines of longitude.
Magma
마그마
Volcanoes erupt when molten magma rises to the surface.
Magnetic
자성의 / 자기의
Compass needles point north due to the Earth's magnetic field.
Mantle
맨틀 (지구 내부 층)
The Earth's mantle lies between the crust and the core.
Mass
질량
An object's mass remains constant regardless of gravity.
Matter
물질
Everything in the universe is made up of matter.
Metabolism
신진대사 / 물질대사
Exercise helps boost your body's metabolism.
Meteorology
기상학
Meteorology involves the study of weather patterns and forecasts.
Molecule
분자
A water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen.
Mutation
돌연변이
Genetic mutations can lead to evolutionary changes over time.
Nebula
성운
Stars are born out of vast clouds of gas and dust called nebulas.
Neutron
중성자
An atomic nucleus contains protons and neutral neutrons.
Nucleus
원자핵 / 세포핵
The nucleus contains most of an atom's mass.
Nutrient
영양소
Plants absorb essential nutrients from the soil.
Orbit
궤도 / 궤도를 돌다
Communication satellites orbit around the Earth.
Organism
유기체 / 생물
Even a single-celled bacterium is a living organism.
Osmosis
삼투현상
Water moves through cell membranes via osmosis.
Oxidation
산화 작용
Rusting is a common example of metal oxidation.
Paleontology
고생물학
Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life through fossils.
Parasite
기생생물 / 기생충
Ticks are external parasites that feed on host blood.
Pendulum
진자 / 추
A grandfather clock keeps time using a swinging pendulum.
Photosynthesis
광합성
Green plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
Physics
물리학
Physics explains the fundamental laws of nature and motion.
Plasma
플라즈마 / 혈장
Stars are primarily made of glowing plasma.
Polymer
고분자 / 중합체
Plastics are synthetic polymers made of long molecular chains.
Precipitation
강수 / 강우 (비, 눈 등)
Rain and snow are common forms of atmospheric precipitation.
Protein
단백질
Proteins are essential for building and repairing muscle tissue.
Proton
양성자
The atomic number of an element equals the number of protons.
Quantum
양자 (물리학)
Quantum mechanics describes physics at the atomic scale.
Radiation
방사선 / 복사열
The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Radioactivity
방사능
Unstable atomic nuclei release energy through radioactivity.
Reagent
시약 (화학 반응을 확인하는 물질)
The chemist added a chemical reagent to test for glucose.
Receptor
수용체 (자극을 받아들이는 세포나 기관)
Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the brain.
Recessive
열성의 (유전학)
Blue eyes are typically a recessive genetic trait.
Refraction
굴절
Lenses focus light by utilizing the principle of refraction.
Relativity
상대성 (이론)
Einstein is famous for developing the theory of relativity.
Resonance
공명 / 공진
Sound waves can cause structural vibrations through resonance.
Respiration
호흡
Cellular respiration converts nutrients into usable energy.
Ribosome
리보솜 (단백질 합성 세포소기관)
Ribosomes play a crucial role in assembling proteins.
RNA
리보핵산 (RNA)
mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes.
Satellite
위성 / 인공위성
Weather satellites monitor global cloud formations and storms.
Saturation
포화 (상태)
Humidity reaches saturation point when dew begins to form.
Sedimentary
퇴적의 (지질학)
Sandstone is a common type of sedimentary rock.
Seismograph
지진계
Seismographs record the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes.
Semiconductor
반도체
Silicon is widely used as a base material in semiconductor chips.
Solubility
용해도
Temperature affects the solubility of sugar in water.
Solute
용질 (녹는 물질)
Salt acts as the solute when dissolved in liquid water.
Solution
용액 / 해결책
Stir until the solid solute forms a clear liquid solution.
Solvent
용매 (녹이는 물질)
Water is often referred to as the universal solvent.
Spectrum
스펙트럼 / 영역
Prisms split white light into a colorful rainbow spectrum.
Spore
포자 / 포비 (식물·균류의 생식 세포)
Ferns reproduce by releasing microscopic spores into the air.
Stratosphere
성층권
The ozone layer is primarily located within the stratosphere.
Sublimation
승화 (고체가 기체로 바로 변함)
Dry ice turns directly into gas through sublimation.
Substrate
기질 / 기저물질 (효소가 작용하는 대상)
Enzymes bind to a specific substrate to speed up reactions.
Supernova
초신성 (별의 대폭발)
A massive star ends its life cycle with a brilliant supernova.
Symbiosis
공생
Certain fungi and trees live together in a state of symbiosis.
Synthesis
합성 / 종합
Chemical synthesis creates complex materials from simple elements.
Tectonic
지각 변동의 / 구조의
Tectonic plate movements cause mountain ranges to form.
Telemetry
원격 측정법
Spacecraft transmit data back to Earth via telemetry.
Temperature
온도
Thermometers measure the kinetic energy of particles as temperature.
Terminal
말단의 / 단자 (전기)
Connect the positive cable to the battery terminal.
Thermal
열의 / 보온성의
Thermal cameras detect heat signatures in total darkness.
Thermodynamics
열역학
The laws of thermodynamics govern energy transfer in physics.
Toxin
독소
Certain poisonous snakes inject a lethal toxin when biting.
Trajectory
탄도 / 궤적
Physics formulas help calculate the projectile trajectory of a rocket.
Transducer
변환기 (에너지 형태를 변환하는 장치)
Microphones act as a transducer, turning sound into electrical signals.
Transfusion
수혈
Patients requiring severe blood loss treatment undergo a transfusion.
Transistor
트랜지스터 (반도체 소자)
Modern microchips contain billions of microscopic transistors.
Translation
번역 / 번역 (단백질 합성 단계)
Ribosomes perform protein translation based on genetic instructions.
Transmission
전송 / 전달 / 변속기
Fiber optic cables allow high-speed data transmission.
Transpiration
증산 작용 (식물)
Plants release water vapor into the atmosphere via transpiration.
Troposphere
대류권
Most daily weather phenomena occur within the troposphere.
Ultrasonic
초음파의
Bats use ultrasonic echolocation to navigate in the dark.
Ultraviolet
자외선의
Sunscreen protects human skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Unsaturated
불포화의
Vegetable oils primarily contain healthy unsaturated fats.
Vacuum
진공
Light travels fastest when moving through an absolute vacuum.
Valence
원자가 (화학 결합 수)
Atoms seek to fill their outer valence electron shell.
Vapor
증기
Boiling liquids turn into hot vapor and rise upward.
Vector
벡터 (크기와 방향을 가진 양) / 매개체
Mosquitoes act as a biological vector for transmitting malaria.
Velocity
속도 (방향성을 포함한 속력)
Acceleration measures the change in velocity over time.
Vertebrate
척추동물
Mammals, birds, and fish are classified as vertebrate animals.
Viscosity
점성 / 끈기
Honey has a much higher viscosity than water.
Wavelength
파장
Red light has a longer wavelength than blue light.
X-ray
엑스선 / X선 촬영
Doctors use X-rays to check for bone fractures.
Zygote
접합자 (수정란)
Fertilization creates a single-celled zygote ready to divide.
Acoustics
음향학
The concert hall was designed with excellent architectural acoustics.
Alloy
합금
Bronze is a metallic alloy made of copper and tin.
Biofuel
바이오연료
Researchers are developing eco-friendly biofuel from plant waste.
Biomass
생물량 / 바이오매스
Biomass energy uses organic material to generate electricity.
Buoyancy
부력
Archimedes' principle explains the physics behind object buoyancy.
Carbohydrate
탄수화물
Grains and potatoes are rich sources of dietary carbohydrates.
Centrifugal
원심력의
Spinning laundry in a washer uses centrifugal force to dry clothes.
Centripetal
구심력의
Gravity provides the centripetal force keeping planets in orbit.
Combustion
연소
Car engines rely on the rapid combustion of fuel and air.
Conductor
도체 (전기나 열을 잘 통하는 물질)
Copper is an excellent electrical conductor.
Cryogenics
극저온학
Cryogenics studies materials and processes at extremely low temperatures.
Cytoplasm
세포질
Cellular organelles float freely within the liquid cytoplasm.
Dehydration
탈수 (증상)
Heavy exercise without drinking water can lead to dehydration.
Desalination
해수 담수화
Coastal cities use desalination plants to secure drinking water.
Distillation
증류
Purifying liquids through heating and cooling is called distillation.
Dosage
복용량 / 투여량
Always follow the prescribed medicine dosage carefully.
Dynamics
동역학 / 역학
Fluid dynamics studies how liquids and gases move.
Echolocation
반향 정위 (소리로 위치를 찾는 능력)
Dolphins use echolocation to navigate murky ocean waters.
Electrolysis
전기 분해
Water splits into hydrogen and oxygen via electrolysis.
Emulsion
유제 / 에멀전 (기름과 물의 혼합물)
Mayonnaise is a stable culinary emulsion of oil and vinegar.
Endocrine
내분비의
The endocrine system regulates hormone levels throughout the body.
Enzyme
효소
Biological catalysts known as enzymes speed up cellular processes.
Epigenetics
후성유전학
Epigenetics studies how environmental factors alter gene expression.
Estuary
어류 서식지로 적합한 하구 (강이 바다와 만나는 곳)
Rich nutrients accumulate in the tidal waters of an estuary.
Exosphere
외기권 (대기권의 최외곽 층)
The exosphere marks the outermost boundary of Earth's atmosphere.
Fermentation
발효
Yeast converts sugar into alcohol through chemical fermentation.
Fluorescence
형광 (현상)
Special minerals glow under ultraviolet light due to fluorescence.
Fossilization
화석화 과정
Mineral replacement over millions of years causes fossilization.
Galvanize
아연 도금하다 / 활성화하다
Steel is often galvanized to prevent rust and corrosion.
Genome
게놈 / 유전체
Mapping the human genome revolutionized modern biomedical research.
Geothermal
지열의
Geothermal energy utilizes heat from beneath the Earth's crust.
Gravitation
만유인력 / 중력 작용
Newton formulated the universal law of gravitation.
Hemoglobin
헤모글로빈 (혈색소)
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen.
Hologram
홀로그램 (입체 영상)
Laser light interference creates a three-dimensional hologram.
Hydrocarbon
탄화수소
Petroleum and natural gas consist primarily of hydrocarbons.
Hydrology
수문학 (물의 순환·분포 연구)
Hydrology focuses on the distribution and movement of water.
Immunology
면역학
Immunology studies how the body defends against infections.
Inoculation
접종 (백신 등)
Routine inoculation protects children from infectious diseases.
Isomer
이성질체 (분자식은 같으나 구조가 다른 물질)
Chemical isomers share identical atoms arranged differently.
Leaching
용탈 (토양 속 영양분이 물에 씻겨 내려감)
Heavy rainfall can cause nutrient leaching in forest soils.
Metastasis
전이 (암세포 등의 확산)
Early detection helps prevent cancer cell metastasis.
Microbiology
미생물학
Microbiology explores microscopic organisms like viruses and bacteria.
Nanotechnology
나노기술
Nanotechnology manipulates matter on an atomic and molecular scale.
Neuroscience
신경과학
Neuroscience investigates the structure and function of the brain.
Pathogen
병원체 (질병을 일으키는 유기체)
Washing hands frequently helps prevent contact with pathogens.
Petrology
암석학
Petrology involves analyzing the origin and composition of rocks.
Pharmacology
약리학
Pharmacology examines drug composition and therapeutic effects.
Photon
광자 (빛의 입자)
Light is made up of streams of massless particles called photons.
Polarization
편광 / 분극
Polarized sunglasses block glaring light reflections.
Aesthetic
미학의 / 심미적인
The building was designed with a strong focus on aesthetic appeal.
Allegory
우화 / 풍조 / 비유
George Orwell’s novel serves as a political allegory.
Altruism
이타주의 / 이타심
Acts of pure altruism often inspire deep respect in society.
Ambiguity
모호성
The poet left the ending of the poem open to deliberate ambiguity.
Analogy
유추 / 비유
He used a simple cooking analogy to explain the complex concept.
Anachronism
시대착오 / 시대에 뒤떨어진 것
Using a wristwatch in a medieval period movie is a clear anachronism.
Anthropology
인류학
Cultural anthropology studies human societies and customs.
Archetype
원형 / 전형
The wise old mentor is a common archetype in classic literature.
Artifact
인공물 / 유물
Archaeologists uncovered ancient pottery and stone artifacts.
Asceticism
금욕주의
Some philosophers practiced strict asceticism to achieve clarity.
Assimilation
동화 (문화적 흡수)
Immigrants often experience cultural assimilation in a new country.
Autonomy
자율성 / 자치권
Universities strive to maintain academic autonomy from government control.
Behaviorism
행동주의 (심리학)
Behaviorism focuses on observable actions rather than inner thoughts.
Bias
편견 / 선입견
Researchers must work hard to eliminate personal bias from data.
Biography
전기 / 일대기
She wrote a best-selling biography of a famous historical leader.
Catharsis
카타르시스 / 감정의 정화
Watching tragic theater can provide emotional catharsis for the audience.
Censorship
검열 제도
State censorship often restricts the freedom of expression.
Chronicle
연대기 / 기록하다
The historian wrote a detailed chronicle of the dynasty.
Cognition
인지 / 인식
Cognition involves mental processes like memory, learning, and reasoning.
Colloquial
구어체의 / 일상 회화의
The textbook teaches formal grammar rather than colloquial expressions.
Conformity
순응 / 일치
Social pressure can sometimes drive individuals toward strict conformity.
Connotation
함축 / 언외의 의미
The word carries a negative connotation in modern political speech.
Consensus
합의 / 의견 일치
The committee reached a general consensus after hours of debate.
Cosmology
우주론 (철학적·과학적)
Ancient civilizations developed unique mythologies and cosmologies.
Critique
비평 / 비평하다
The professor offered a thoughtful critique of her painting.
Cynicism
냉소주의
Widespread political scandals can foster public cynicism.
Deconstruction
해체주의 (철학·문학 비평)
Literary theory often utilizes deconstruction to challenge fixed meanings.
Deduction
연역법 / 추론
Sherlock Holmes solved crimes using logical deduction.
Democracy
민주주의
Freedom of speech is a cornerstone of any healthy democracy.
Determinism
결정론
Philosophical determinism questions the concept of free will.
Dialectic
변증법
Hegelian dialectic involves thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
Dichotomy
이분법 / 양분
The writer explores the false dichotomy between nature and nurture.
Discourse
담론 / 강연 / 담화
Academic discourse requires rigorous evidence and clear reasoning.
Dogma
독단 / 교의
Scientific inquiry encourages questioning traditional dogma.
Dualism
이원론
Cartesian dualism separates the mind from the physical body.
Empiricism
경험론
British empiricism emphasizes knowledge derived from sensory experience.
Enlightenment
계몽주의 / 계몽
The European Enlightenment championed reason and individual rights.
Epistemology
인식론
Epistemology investigates the origin, nature, and limits of human knowledge.
Eschew
삼가다 / 피하다
Philosophers often eschew simple answers to profound questions.
Ethos
기풍 / 정신 / 에토스
Hard work and community support define the town’s cultural ethos.
Etymology
어원학 / 어원
Studying the etymology of words helps reveal their historical roots.
Euphemism
완곡어법
Corporate layoffs are sometimes hidden behind corporate euphemisms.
Existentialism
실존주의
Jean-Paul Sartre was a leading figure in twentieth-century existentialism.
Fallacy
오류 / 허위 비류
Assuming correlation implies causation is a common logical fallacy.
Feminism
여성주의 / 페미니즘
Feminist literary criticism reexamines classic texts from new angles.
Folklore
민속 / 전승 문화
Local folklore preserves ancient stories passed down through generations.
Genealogy
계보학 / 족보
He spent years researching his family genealogy online.
Genre
장르 / 형식
Science fiction is a popular literary genre among teenagers.
Gnosticism
영지주의
Early Christian history includes debates regarding ancient Gnosticism.
Hegemony
패권 / 주도권
Cultural hegemony describes the dominance of one cultural group over others.
Hermeneutics
해석학
Biblical hermeneutics involves the principles of interpreting sacred texts.
Historiography
역사학 방법론 / 역사 서술
Modern historiography examines how historical accounts are constructed.
Humanism
인문주의 / 인본주의
Renaissance humanism revived interest in classical Greek and Roman art.
Hypocrisy
위선
Public figures are often criticized for political hypocrisy.
Iconoclasm
우상 파괴 / 인습 타파
Modern art movements often display a spirit of cultural iconoclasm.
Ideology
이념 / 이데올로기
Political parties are often divided by differing economic ideologies.
Illusion
환상 / 착각
The painting creates a visual illusion of three-dimensional depth.
Imagism
이미지즘 / 유상파 (시운동)
Early twentieth-century poetry featured the movement of imagism.
Implication
영향 / 함축
The philosopher discussed the moral implication of the decision.
Induction
귀납법
Scientific theories are often built through careful induction from observations.
Innate
선천적인 / 타고난
Linguists debate whether humans possess an innate capacity for language.
Introspection
자기 성찰 / 내성
Poetry often invites deep emotional introspection from the reader.
Irony
반어법 / 아이러니
The use of gentle irony added humor to the essay.
Jargon
전문 용어 / 은어
Academic writing should avoid excessive technical jargon.
Judgement
판단 / 심판
Moral judgement plays a central role in ethical philosophy.
Juxtaposition
병치 (대조 등을 위해 나란히 놓음)
The juxtaposition of light and dark imagery highlights the theme.
Kinship
친족 관계 / 연대감
Anthropologists study kinship structures in indigenous tribes.
Lexicon
어휘 목록 / 사전
Legal terminology forms a specialized lexicon of its own.
Linguistics
언어학
Modern linguistics analyzes grammar, phonetics, and syntax.
Logic
논리
Mathematical proofs rely entirely on strict formal logic.
Metaphor
은유 / 비유
Life is a journey is a classic conceptual metaphor.
Metaphysics
형이상학
Metaphysics explores the fundamental nature of reality and existence.
Methodology
방법론
The research paper outlines a clear sociological methodology.
Mimesis
모방 (예술론)
Aristotle defined dramatic art in terms of artistic mimesis.
Monism
일원론
Philosophical monism argues that reality consists of a single substance.
Morphology
형태론 (언어학 등)
Morphology studies how words are formed from morphemes.
Mythology
신화 / 신화학
Greek mythology features tales of gods, heroes, and monsters.
Narrative
이야기 / 서사
The historical novel weaves a compelling personal narrative.
Naturalism
자연주의 (문학·철학)
Literary naturalism portrays characters shaped by environment and heredity.
Nihilism
허무주의
Existential writers often grapple with themes of philosophical nihilism.
Nominalism
유명론 (철학)
Medieval scholasticism debated realism versus nominalism.
Normative
규범적인
Ethics is primarily a normative inquiry into right and wrong.
Nuance
미세한 차이 / 뉘앙스
Translating poetry requires careful attention to subtle cultural nuance.
Objectivity
객관성
Journalists strive for strict journalistic objectivity.
Ontology
존재론
Ontology is the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
Ostracism
배척 / 따돌림
Ancient Athens practiced political ostracism to exile dangerous leaders.
Paradigm
패러다임 / 모범적인 틀
Scientific revolutions involve a radical shift in governing paradigms.
Paradox
역설 / 패러독스
The statement less is more is a classic literary paradox.
Pathos
비애감 / 호소력 (수사학)
The speaker used emotional pathos to move the audience to tears.
Pedagogy
교육학 / 교수법
Modern pedagogy emphasizes interactive and student-centered learning.
Perception
지각 / 인식
Cultural background shapes individual social perception.
Persona
페르소나 / (작품 속의) 화자·인물
The poet adopts a distinct narrative persona in the lyrics.
Phenomenology
현상학
Phenomenology examines human experience from a subjective viewpoint.
Philosophy
철학
Ancient Greek philosophy laid the foundations of Western thought.
Phonology
음운론
Phonology analyzes the system of sounds within a particular language.
Pluralism
다원주의
Cultural pluralism celebrates diverse traditions within a single society.
Polemic
격렬한 비판 / 논쟁
The book was written as a political polemic against tyranny.
Postmodernism
포스트모더니즘
Postmodernism questions traditional grand narratives and absolute truths.
Pragmatism
실용주의
American philosophy often reflects a strong spirit of practical pragmatism.
Premise
전제
The entire argument rests on a flawed initial premise.
Aesthetic
미학의 / 심미적인
The building was designed with a strong focus on aesthetic appeal.
Allegory
우화 / 풍조 / 비유
George Orwell’s novel serves as a political allegory.
Altruism
이타주의 / 이타심
Acts of pure altruism often inspire deep respect in society.
Ambiguity
모호성
The poet left the ending of the poem open to deliberate ambiguity.
Analogy
유추 / 비유
He used a simple cooking analogy to explain the complex concept.
Anachronism
시대착오 / 시대에 뒤떨어진 것
Using a wristwatch in a medieval period movie is a clear anachronism.
Anthropology
인류학
Cultural anthropology studies human societies and customs.
Archetype
원형 / 전형
The wise old mentor is a common archetype in classic literature.
Artifact
인공물 / 유물
Archaeologists uncovered ancient pottery and stone artifacts.
Asceticism
금욕주의
Some philosophers practiced strict asceticism to achieve clarity.
Assimilation
동화 (문화적 흡수)
Immigrants often experience cultural assimilation in a new country.
Autonomy
자율성 / 자치권
Universities strive to maintain academic autonomy from government control.
Behaviorism
행동주의 (심리학)
Behaviorism focuses on observable actions rather than inner thoughts.
Bias
편견 / 선입견
Researchers must work hard to eliminate personal bias from data.
Biography
전기 / 일대기
She wrote a best-selling biography of a famous historical leader.
Catharsis
카타르시스 / 감정의 정화
Watching tragic theater can provide emotional catharsis for the audience.
Censorship
검열 제도
State censorship often restricts the freedom of expression.
Chronicle
연대기 / 기록하다
The historian wrote a detailed chronicle of the dynasty.
Cognition
인지 / 인식
Cognition involves mental processes like memory, learning, and reasoning.
Colloquial
구어체의 / 일상 회화의
The textbook teaches formal grammar rather than colloquial expressions.
Conformity
순응 / 일치
Social pressure can sometimes drive individuals toward strict conformity.
Connotation
함축 / 언외의 의미
The word carries a negative connotation in modern political speech.
Consensus
합의 / 의견 일치
The committee reached a general consensus after hours of debate.
Cosmology
우주론 (철학적·과학적)
Ancient civilizations developed unique mythologies and cosmologies.
Critique
비평 / 비평하다
The professor offered a thoughtful critique of her painting.
Cynicism
냉소주의
Widespread political scandals can foster public cynicism.
Deconstruction
해체주의 (철학·문학 비평)
Literary theory often utilizes deconstruction to challenge fixed meanings.
Deduction
연역법 / 추론
Sherlock Holmes solved crimes using logical deduction.
Democracy
민주주의
Freedom of speech is a cornerstone of any healthy democracy.
Determinism
결정론
Philosophical determinism questions the concept of free will.
Dialectic
변증법
Hegelian dialectic involves thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
Dichotomy
이분법 / 양분
The writer explores the false dichotomy between nature and nurture.
Discourse
담론 / 강연 / 담화
Academic discourse requires rigorous evidence and clear reasoning.
Dogma
독단 / 교의
Scientific inquiry encourages questioning traditional dogma.
Dualism
이원론
Cartesian dualism separates the mind from the physical body.
Empiricism
경험론
British empiricism emphasizes knowledge derived from sensory experience.
Enlightenment
계몽주의 / 계몽
The European Enlightenment championed reason and individual rights.
Epistemology
인식론
Epistemology investigates the origin, nature, and limits of human knowledge.
Eschew
삼가다 / 피하다
Philosophers often eschew simple answers to profound questions.
Ethos
기풍 / 정신 / 에토스
Hard work and community support define the town’s cultural ethos.
Etymology
어원학 / 어원
Studying the etymology of words helps reveal their historical roots.
Euphemism
완곡어법
Corporate layoffs are sometimes hidden behind corporate euphemisms.
Existentialism
실존주의
Jean-Paul Sartre was a leading figure in twentieth-century existentialism.
Fallacy
오류 / 허위 비류
Assuming correlation implies causation is a common logical fallacy.
Feminism
여성주의 / 페미니즘
Feminist literary criticism reexamines classic texts from new angles.
Folklore
민속 / 전승 문화
Local folklore preserves ancient stories passed down through generations.
Genealogy
계보학 / 족보
He spent years researching his family genealogy online.
Genre
장르 / 형식
Science fiction is a popular literary genre among teenagers.
Gnosticism
영지주의
Early Christian history includes debates regarding ancient Gnosticism.
Hegemony
패권 / 주도권
Cultural hegemony describes the dominance of one cultural group over others.
Hermeneutics
해석학
Biblical hermeneutics involves the principles of interpreting sacred texts.
Historiography
역사학 방법론 / 역사 서술
Modern historiography examines how historical accounts are constructed.
Humanism
인문주의 / 인본주의
Renaissance humanism revived interest in classical Greek and Roman art.
Hypocrisy
위선
Public figures are often criticized for political hypocrisy.
Iconoclasm
우상 파괴 / 인습 타파
Modern art movements often display a spirit of cultural iconoclasm.
Ideology
이념 / 이데올로기
Political parties are often divided by differing economic ideologies.
Illusion
환상 / 착각
The painting creates a visual illusion of three-dimensional depth.
Imagism
이미지즘 / 유상파 (시운동)
Early twentieth-century poetry featured the movement of imagism.
Implication
영향 / 함축
The philosopher discussed the moral implication of the decision.
Induction
귀납법
Scientific theories are often built through careful induction from observations.
Innate
선천적인 / 타고난
Linguists debate whether humans possess an innate capacity for language.
Introspection
자기 성찰 / 내성
Poetry often invites deep emotional introspection from the reader.
Irony
반어법 / 아이러니
The use of gentle irony added humor to the essay.
Jargon
전문 용어 / 은어
Academic writing should avoid excessive technical jargon.
Judgement
판단 / 심판
Moral judgement plays a central role in ethical philosophy.
Juxtaposition
병치 (대조 등을 위해 나란히 놓음)
The juxtaposition of light and dark imagery highlights the theme.
Kinship
친족 관계 / 연대감
Anthropologists study kinship structures in indigenous tribes.
Lexicon
어휘 목록 / 사전
Legal terminology forms a specialized lexicon of its own.
Linguistics
언어학
Modern linguistics analyzes grammar, phonetics, and syntax.
Logic
논리
Mathematical proofs rely entirely on strict formal logic.
Metaphor
은유 / 비유
Life is a journey is a classic conceptual metaphor.
Metaphysics
형이상학
Metaphysics explores the fundamental nature of reality and existence.
Methodology
방법론
The research paper outlines a clear sociological methodology.
Mimesis
모방 (예술론)
Aristotle defined dramatic art in terms of artistic mimesis.
Monism
일원론
Philosophical monism argues that reality consists of a single substance.
Morphology
형태론 (언어학 등)
Morphology studies how words are formed from morphemes.
Mythology
신화 / 신화학
Greek mythology features tales of gods, heroes, and monsters.
Narrative
이야기 / 서사
The historical novel weaves a compelling personal narrative.
Naturalism
자연주의 (문학·철학)
Literary naturalism portrays characters shaped by environment and heredity.
Nihilism
허무주의
Existential writers often grapple with themes of philosophical nihilism.
Nominalism
유명론 (철학)
Medieval scholasticism debated realism versus nominalism.
Normative
규범적인
Ethics is primarily a normative inquiry into right and wrong.
Nuance
미세한 차이 / 뉘앙스
Translating poetry requires careful attention to subtle cultural nuance.
Objectivity
객관성
Journalists strive for strict journalistic objectivity.
Ontology
존재론
Ontology is the branch of metaphysics dealing with the nature of being.
Ostracism
배척 / 따돌림
Ancient Athens practiced political ostracism to exile dangerous leaders.
Paradigm
패러다임 / 모범적인 틀
Scientific revolutions involve a radical shift in governing paradigms.
Paradox
역설 / 패러독스
The statement less is more is a classic literary paradox.
Pathos
비애감 / 호소력 (수사학)
The speaker used emotional pathos to move the audience to tears.
Pedagogy
교육학 / 교수법
Modern pedagogy emphasizes interactive and student-centered learning.
Perception
지각 / 인식
Cultural background shapes individual social perception.
Persona
페르소나 / (작품 속의) 화자·인물
The poet adopts a distinct narrative persona in the lyrics.
Phenomenology
현상학
Phenomenology examines human experience from a subjective viewpoint.
Philosophy
철학
Ancient Greek philosophy laid the foundations of Western thought.
Phonology
음운론
Phonology analyzes the system of sounds within a particular language.
Pluralism
다원주의
Cultural pluralism celebrates diverse traditions within a single society.
Polemic
격렬한 비판 / 논쟁
The book was written as a political polemic against tyranny.
Postmodernism
포스트모더니즘
Postmodernism questions traditional grand narratives and absolute truths.
Pragmatism
실용주의
American philosophy often reflects a strong spirit of practical pragmatism.
Premise
전제
The entire argument rests on a flawed initial premise.
Absolute value
절댓값
The absolute value of negative five is positive five.
Acute angle
예각
An acute angle measures less than ninety degrees.
Addition
덧셈
Addition is one of the basic arithmetic operations.
Algebra
대수학
Algebra uses letters and symbols to represent numbers in equations.
Algorithm
알고리즘 / 연산 절차
Long division is a standard algorithm for dividing large numbers.
Angle
각
A triangle has three interior angles that sum to one hundred eighty degrees.
Area
면적 / 넓이
The area of a rectangle is calculated by multiplying its length by its width.
Arithmetic
산수 / 산술
Basic arithmetic includes addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Asymptote
점근선
The hyperbola gets closer and closer to its asymptote without touching it.
Average
평균
To find the average, add all the numbers and divide by the count.
Axis
축 (좌표축)
The horizontal line on a graph is called the x-axis.
Base
밑 (지수나 도형의 기준 변)
In the expression two to the third power, two is the base.
Binary
이진법의
Computers process data using a binary system of zeros and ones.
Binomial
이항식
A binomial is an algebraic expression with two terms.
Calculus
미적분학
Calculus helps mathematicians study rates of change and accumulation.
Capacity
용량 / 부피
Liter is a standard unit used to measure liquid capacity.
Cardinal number
기수 (개수를 나타내는 수)
Cardinal numbers tell us how many items are in a set.
Cartesian coordinate
데카르트 좌표 (직교 좌표)
Points on a plane are located using Cartesian coordinates.
Chord
현 (원의 두 점을 잇는 선분)
A chord connects two points on the circumference of a circle.
Circle
원
All points on a circle are equidistant from its center.
Coefficient
계수
In the term five x, five is the coefficient of x.
Combination
조합 (순서가 없는 경우의 수)
Combinations calculate groups where the order of selection does not matter.
Common denominator
공통분모
Fractions must share a common denominator before being added.
Complex number
복소수
A complex number consists of a real part and an imaginary part.
Cone
원뿔
A cone has a circular base and a single vertex.
Congruent
합동의
Two geometric figures are congruent if they have the same shape and size.
Constant
상수 / 변하지 않는 값
Pi is a mathematical constant approximately equal to three point one four.
Coordinate
좌표
Each point on a grid is defined by an x and y coordinate pair.
Cosecant
코시컨트 (여수선)
Cosecant is the reciprocal of the sine function in trigonometry.
Cosine
코사인
Cosine is the ratio of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse.
Cube
정육면체 / 세제곱
A cube has six equal square faces.
Cylinder
원기둥
A cylinder has two parallel circular bases and a curved surface.
Decimal
소수
Fractions can easily be converted into decimal numbers.
Degree
도 (각도의 단위) / 차수
A full circle contains three hundred sixty degrees.
Denominator
분모
The denominator tells us how many equal parts make up a whole.
Derivative
도함수 / 미분값
The derivative of a function represents its instantaneous rate of change.
Determinant
행렬식
The determinant helps determine if a matrix is invertible.
Diameter
지름
The diameter of a circle passes directly through its center.
Difference
차 (뺄셈의 결과)
The difference between ten and four is six.
Digit
숫자 (자리수)
The number one hundred twenty-three has three digits.
Dimension
차원
A line has one dimension, while a flat sheet of paper has two.
Discrete
이산적인 / 따로 떨어진
Discrete mathematics deals with distinct, countable values.
Discriminant
판별식
The discriminant reveals the nature of roots in a quadratic equation.
Dividend
피제수 (나누어지는 수)
In twelve divided by three, twelve is the dividend.
Divisor
제수 (나누는 수)
In twelve divided by three, three is the divisor.
Domain
정의역
The domain of a function consists of all valid input values.
Ellipse
타원
Planets move around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
Equation
방정식 / 등식
An equation states that two mathematical expressions are equal.
Equilateral triangle
정삼각형
An equilateral triangle has three sides of equal length.
Even number
짝수
An even number is an integer that is perfectly divisible by two.
Exponent
지수
An exponent indicates how many times a base number is multiplied.
Factor
인수 / 약수
Two and three are factors of the number six.
Factorial
계승 (팩토리얼)
The factorial of four is twenty-four.
Fibonacci sequence
피보나치 수열
Each number in the Fibonacci sequence is the sum of the two preceding ones.
Fraction
분수
A fraction represents a part of a whole number.
Function
함수
A function relates every input to exactly one output.
Geometry
기하학
Geometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with shapes and space.
Gradient
기울기 / 경사도
The gradient of a straight line measures its steepness.
Graph
그래프
Functions can be visualized by plotting them on a graph.
Greatest common divisor
최대공약수
The greatest common divisor of twelve and eighteen is six.
Hypotenuse
빗변 (직각삼각형의 가장 긴 변)
The hypotenuse is opposite the right angle in a triangle.
Identity
항등식 / 항등원
An algebraic identity remains true for all values of its variables.
Imaginary number
허수
An imaginary number is a multiple of the square root of negative one.
Improper fraction
가분수
An improper fraction has a numerator larger than its denominator.
Inequality
부등식
An inequality compares two values using symbols like greater than.
Integer
정수
Integers include positive numbers, negative numbers, and zero.
Integral
적분 / 적분값
Integrals are used to calculate the area under a curve.
Intercept
절편 (축과 만나는 점)
The y-intercept is where the line crosses the vertical axis.
Intersection
교집합 / 교차점
The intersection of two sets contains only elements found in both.
Inverse
역원 / 역함수
Multiplying a number by its multiplicative inverse equals one.
Irrational number
무리수
Pi is a famous irrational number that cannot be written as a simple fraction.
Isosceles triangle
이등변삼각형
An isosceles triangle has two sides of equal length.
Least common multiple
최소공배수
The least common multiple of four and six is twelve.
Limit
극한
Calculus uses the concept of a limit to study infinite behavior.
Linear equation
일차방정식 / 선형방정식
A linear equation graphs as a straight line on a coordinate plane.
Logarithm
로그
A logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation.
Matrix
행렬
A matrix is a rectangular grid of numbers arranged in rows and columns.
Mean
산술 평균
The mean is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the count.
Median
중앙값 / 중선
The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order.
Mode
최빈값
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.
Multiplication
곱셈
Multiplication is equivalent to repeated addition.
Natural number
자연수
Natural numbers are positive integers starting from one.
Numerator
분자
The numerator indicates how many parts of the fraction we have.
Obtuse angle
둔각
An obtuse angle measures greater than ninety degrees.
Odd number
홀수
An odd number leaves a remainder of one when divided by two.
Operation
연산
Addition and subtraction are fundamental mathematical operations.
Parabola
포물선
A quadratic function forms a U-shaped curve called a parabola.
Parallel
평행한
Parallel lines never intersect, no matter how far they extend.
Percentage
백분율 / 퍼센트
A percentage expresses a fraction out of one hundred.
Perimeter
둘레의 길이
The perimeter of a shape is the total distance around its edge.
Perpendicular
수직의
Perpendicular lines meet at a right angle of ninety degrees.
Permutation
순열 (순서가 있는 경우의 수)
Permutations count arrangements where the order of items matters.
Polygon
다각형
A polygon is a closed geometric figure made of straight line segments.
Polynomial
다항식
A polynomial consists of multiple terms combined by addition.
Prime number
소수 (1보다 큰 자연수 중 1과 자기 자신만을 약수로 가지는 수)
Two, three, five, and seven are examples of prime numbers.
Probability
확률
Probability measures the likelihood that a specific event will occur.
Pythagorean theorem
피타고라스 정리
The Pythagorean theorem relates the sides of a right-angled triangle.
Quadratic equation
이차방정식
A quadratic equation contains a variable raised to the second power.
Radius
반지름
The radius is the distance from the center of a circle to its edge.
Rational number
유리수
A rational number can be expressed as a fraction of two integers.
Real number
실수
Real numbers include both rational and irrational numbers.
Reciprocal
역수
The reciprocal of four is one-fourth.
Rectangle
직사각형
A rectangle has four right angles and opposite sides of equal length.
Remainder
나머지
When five is divided by two, the remainder is one.
Rhombus
마름모
A rhombus is a quadrilateral with four sides of equal length.
Right angle
직각
A right angle measures exactly ninety degrees.
Root
근 / 해 (방정식의 답) / 제곱근
The roots of the quadratic equation can be found using the formula.
Scalar
스칼라 (크기만 있는 양)
Unlike a vector, a scalar quantity has magnitude only.
Secant
시컨트 (정수선) / 할선
A secant line intersects a circle at two distinct points.
Sector
부채꼴
A sector of a circle is bounded by two radii and an arc.
Sequence
수열
An arithmetic sequence adds a constant difference at each step.
Series
급수 (수열의 합)
An infinite series is the sum of infinitely many terms.
Set
집합
A set is a well-defined collection of distinct mathematical objects.
Significant figure
유효숫자
Measurements are rounded to a specific number of significant figures.
Sine
사인
Sine is the ratio of the opposite side to the hypotenuse.
Slope
기울기
The slope measures the steepness of a line on a graph.
Sphere
구
A sphere is a perfectly round geometrical object in three-dimensional space.
Square
제곱 / 정사각형
Multiplying a number by itself gives its square.
Square root
제곱근
The square root of nine is three.
Standard deviation
표준편차
Standard deviation measures the amount of variation in a dataset.
Statistic
통계량 / 통계
The sample mean is a statistic used to estimate the population mean.
Subset
부분집합
Every set is a subset of itself.
Subtraction
뺄셈
Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition.
Sum
합
The sum of angles in a triangle is one hundred eighty degrees.
Surface area
겉넓이
Surface area is the total area of the outer surfaces of a 3D object.
Symmetry
대칭
A circle has an infinite number of lines of symmetry.
Tangent
탄젠트 / 접선
A tangent line touches a curve at a single point without crossing it.
Tensor
텐서
Tensors are mathematical objects used frequently in physics and geometry.
Term
항
An algebraic expression consists of multiple terms separated by plus signs.
Theorem
정리 (증명된 명제)
Mathematicians spent centuries trying to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.
Topology
위상수학
Topology studies properties preserved through continuous deformations.
Transformation
변환 (기하학적 이동 등)
Rotation and reflection are types of geometric transformations.
Transpose
전치 (행렬의 행과 열을 바꿈)
The transpose of a matrix swaps its rows with its columns.
Trapezoid
사다리꼴
A trapezoid has at least one pair of parallel sides.
Triangle
삼각형
A triangle is a polygon with three sides and three vertices.
Trigonometry
삼각법
Trigonometry deals with relationships between triangle sides and angles.
Union
합집합
The union of two sets combines all elements from both sets.
Variable
변수
In the equation, x acts as an unknown variable.
Vector
벡터 (크기와 방향을 가진 양)
Velocity is represented as a vector because it has both speed and direction.
Vertex
꼭짓점
An angle is formed by two rays meeting at a common vertex.
Volume
부피 / 체적
The volume of a box is found by multiplying length, width, and height.
Whole number
통수 / 음이 아닌 정수
Whole numbers start from zero and include all positive integers.
X-axis
x축 (가로축)
Horizontal coordinates are measured along the x-axis.
Y-axis
y축 (세로축)
Vertical coordinates are measured along the y-axis.
Zero
영 / 0
Zero is an integer representing an empty quantity.
Asymptomatic
점근적인 (통계·수학적 표현)
The function shows asymptomatic behavior as x approaches infinity.
Billion
십억
One billion is written as a one followed by nine zeros.
Cardinality
기수 (집합의 원소 개수)
The cardinality of a finite set equals the number of elements it contains.
Centroid
무게중심
The centroid of a triangle is the intersection of its medians.
Collinear
동일 직선상의
Three points are collinear if they all lie on the same straight line.
Complement
여집합 / 여각
The complement of a set contains everything not inside that set.
Concave
오목한
A concave polygon has at least one interior angle greater than 180 degrees.
Concentric
동심의 (중심이 같은)
Concentric circles share the exact same center point.
Conditional probability
조건부 확률
Conditional probability measures the likelihood of an event given another.
Conjugate
켤레 (복소수나 근의 짝)
The conjugate of a complex number changes the sign of its imaginary part.
Convex
볼록한
A convex polygon has all interior angles pointing outward.
Cosecant
코시컨트
Cosecant is calculated as one divided by the sine of an angle.
Cotangent
코탄젠트
Cotangent is the reciprocal of the tangent function.
Cramer's rule
크라메르 공식 (행렬을 이용한 연립방정식 풀이)
Cramer's rule uses determinants to solve systems of linear equations.
Decagon
십각형
A regular decagon has ten equal sides and angles.
Degenerate
퇴화된 (수학적 형태가 차원이 낮아짐)
A circle with a radius of zero is considered a degenerate circle.
Differentiable
미분 가능한
A smooth curve is differentiable at every point along its domain.
Dihedral angle
이면각
A dihedral angle is the angle between two intersecting planes.
Divergence
발산
An infinite series can show divergence if its terms grow without bound.
Dodecahedron
십이면체
A regular dodecahedron is made up of twelve regular pentagonal faces.
Eigenvalue
고유값
Eigenvalues play a vital role in matrix diagonalization and linear algebra.
Eigenvector
고유벡터
An eigenvector only changes by a scalar factor when a linear transformation is applied.
Empty set
공집합
An empty set contains absolutely no elements.
Endomorphism
자기준동형사상
An endomorphism maps an algebraic structure to itself.
Epicycloid
외싸이클로이드
An epicycloid is a curve traced by a point on a circle rolling around another.
Equidistant
거리가 같은
All points on a circle are equidistant from its center.
Expectation
기댓값
The mathematical expectation represents the average outcome of a random variable.
Explicit function
양함수
An explicit function expresses the dependent variable directly in terms of the independent one.
Extremum
극값 (극대 또는 극소)
Calculus helps locate the maximum and minimum extremum points of a function.
Factor theorem
인수정리
The factor theorem links polynomial roots with their linear factors.
Fermat number
페르마 수
Fermat numbers are positive integers of a specific exponential form.
Finite
유한한
A finite set has a countable, limited number of elements.
Focus
초점 (원뿔곡선의 기준점)
An ellipse is defined by the sum of distances to its two focal points.
Fourier series
푸리에 급수
A Fourier series breaks periodic functions down into sum of sines and cosines.
Frustum
절두체 (뿔이나 원뿔을 밑면에 평행하게 자른 남은 부분)
A lampshade often has the shape of a conical frustum.
Gamma function
감마 함수
The gamma function extends the concept of factorials to complex numbers.
Gaussian distribution
가우스 분포 (정규분포)
Errors in measurements often follow a bell-shaped Gaussian distribution.
Geodesic
측지선 (곡면 위의 최단 거리 경로)
On a sphere, great circles serve as the shortest geodesic paths.
Geometric progression
등비수열
A geometric progression multiplies by a constant ratio at each step.
Googol
구골 (1 뒤에 0이 100개 붙은 수)
The term googol inspired the name of the popular search engine.
Harmonic mean
조화평균
Harmonic mean is useful for averaging rates and speeds.
Hessian matrix
헤세 행렬
The Hessian matrix contains second-order partial derivatives of a function.
Hexagon
육각형
Honeycombs are built using a natural pattern of regular hexagons.
Hyperbola
쌍곡선
A hyperbola is a conic section with two open branches.
Hypothesis testing
가설 검정
Hypothesis testing helps statisticians evaluate sample data claims.
Icosahedron
이십면체
A regular icosahedron has twenty equilateral triangular faces.
Implicit function
음함수
An implicit function defines variables without explicit isolation.
Improper integral
이상적분
An improper integral has infinite limits or an unbounded integrand.
Indeterminate form
부정형
Expressions like zero divided by zero form a mathematical indeterminate form.
Infinite
무한한
The sequence of prime numbers is infinite.
Inflection point
변곡점
An inflection point marks a change in the concavity of a curve.
Injective
단사함수의 (일대일 함수)
An injective function maps distinct inputs to distinct outputs.
Inner product
내적
The inner product of two orthogonal vectors equals zero.
Invertible matrix
역행렬이 존재하는 행렬
An invertible matrix must have a non-zero determinant.
Isomorphic
동형의
Two mathematical structures are isomorphic if they share identical properties.
Jacobian
야코비안 (야코비 행렬식)
The Jacobian determinant is used in multivariable integration substitutions.
Aboard
~에 타고
All passengers are aboard the ship.
About
~에 대하여, 약 ~쯤
We are talking about the new project.
Above
~보다 위에
The plane flew above the clouds.
Acrooss
~를 가로질러, 건너편에
She walked across the street.
After
~ 후에
We will leave after lunch.
Against
~에 반대하여, ~에 붙여서
He leaned his bike against the wall.
Along
~를 따라
They walked along the river.
Alongside
~와 나란히, 옆에
A boat anchored alongside the pier.
Amid
~의 한복판에, 둘러싸여
She stood amid the crowd.
Among
~ 중에 (셋 이상)
He was popular among his friends.
Around
~ 주위에, 대략
The earth revolves around the sun.
As
~로서, ~처럼
He works as a software engineer.
Astride
다리를 벌리고 앉아
He sat astride the horse.
At
~에 (특정 장소·시각)
She arrived at the station at noon.
Atop
~의 꼭대기에
Snow covered the mountain atop.
Barring
~이 없다면, 제외하고
Barring rain, the game will be held.
Before
~ 전에, ~ 앞에
Please finish the report before Friday.
Behind
~ 뒤에
The cat is hiding behind the sofa.
Below
~ 아래에
The temperature dropped below zero.
Beneath
~ 밑에, 가치 이하로
He hid the letter beneath his pillow.
Beside
~ 옆에
She sat beside me during the flight.
Besides
~ 외에도, ~ علاوہ
Besides English, she speaks French.
Between
~ 사이에 (둘)
Choose between the two options.
Beyond
~ 저편에, 능가하여
The results are beyond our expectations.
But
~을 제외하고 (= except)
Everyone went home but him.
By
~에 의해, ~까지
The book was written by a famous author.
Circa
(연도 앞에) 대략, 경
The temple was built circa 500 BC.
Close to
~에 가까이
Our house is close to the school.
Concerning
~에 관하여
I have a question concerning your proposal.
Considering
~을 고려하면
Considering his age, he runs very fast.
Despite
~에도 불구하고
Despite the rain, they went hiking.
Down
~ 아래로
Water flows down the hill.
During
~ 동안에
We slept during the movie.
Except
~을 제외하고
All students passed except John.
Excluding
~을 제외하고
The price is ten dollars, excluding tax.
Failing
~가 없으면, 실패할 경우
Failing direct orders, we must wait.
Following
~ 후에, ~에 이어
Following the meeting, we had lunch.
For
~을 위해, ~동안
This gift is for you.
From
~로부터
She comes from Canada.
Given
~을 고려해 볼 때
Given the circumstances, you did well.
In
~ 안에, ~에
He lives in Seoul.
Including
~을 포함하여
Ten people, including two children, were hurt.
Inside
안에
Stay inside the building.
Into
~ 안으로
He jumped into the swimming pool.
Like
~처럼, 같은
She looks like her mother.
Minus
빼기
Ten minus four is six.
Mod
~에 비추어 (약식)
Modified terms apply.
Near
~ 근처에
Is there a bank near here?
Notwithstanding
~에도 불구하고
Notwithstanding the delay, we arrived on time.
Of
~의
The capital of Korea is Seoul.
Off
~에서 떨어진, 끄고
Keep off the grass.
On
~ 위에, ~에 (날짜·요일)
Your phone is on the table.
Onto
~ 위로
The cat jumped onto the roof.
Opposite
맞은편에
They live opposite our house.
Out
밖으로
He ran out the door.
Out of
~ 밖으로, ~이 부족하여
We are out of milk.
Outside
~의 밖에
Wait outside the office.
Over
~의 바로 위에, 건너서
A lamp hangs over the table.
Past
~을 지나서
Drive past the post office.
Pending
~가 미결인 동안, ~을 기다리는 동안
Pending further notice, the office is closed.
Per
~당, 마다
The car travels at sixty miles per hour.
Plus
더하기
Two plus three equals five.
Post
~ 후에
Post operation care is important.
Pre
~ 전에
Pre-test evaluations are required.
Regarding
~에 관하여
I am writing regarding your inquiry.
Regardless of
~에 상관없이
Come regardless of the weather.
Round
두루, ~ 주위에
They gathered round the fire.
Save
~을 제외하고 (= except)
All was quiet save the wind.
Since
~ 이후로, ~이기 때문에
I have known him since 2010.
Through
~을 통하여, 관통하여
The train went through a dark tunnel.
Throughout
~ 도처에, 내내
It rained throughout the night.
Till
~까지
Wait till I return.
To
~로, ~에게
She went to the library.
Toward
~를 향하여
He walked toward the exit.
Towards
~를 향하여
She turned towards me.
Under
~ 아래에
The shoes are under the bed.
Underneath
~의 밑에
Keys were hidden underneath the mat.
Unlike
~와 달리
Unlike his brother, he is quiet.
Until
~까지
I will stay here until tomorrow.
Unto
~에게, ~까지 (고어체)
Peace be unto you.
Up
~ 위로
He walked up the stairs.
Upon
~ 위에 (격식)
Once upon a time...
Versus
~ 대 (경기·소송 등)
The match is Brazil versus Germany.
Via
~을 경유하여, ~을 통하여
We flew to London via Dubai.
With
~와 함께, ~을 가지고
I drink coffee with milk.
Within
~ 이내에
Please reply within two days.
Without
~ 없이
You cannot enter without a ticket.
According to
~에 따르면
According to the weather forecast, it will rain.
Ahead of
~보다 앞에, 앞서서
She finished the race ahead of others.
Along with
~와 함께
He came along with his parents.
Apart from
~을 제외하고, 외에도
Apart from a few errors, the report is good.
As for
~에 대해 말하자면
As for me, I agree with the plan.
Aside from
~외에도
Aside from work, he loves painting.
Because of
~ 때문에
The flight was canceled because of fog.
By means of
~을 수단으로 하여
They communicated by means of signs.
Due to
~ 때문에
The delay was due to heavy traffic.
Except for
~을 제외하면
Except for the noise, the hotel was great.
In addition to
~에 더하여
In addition to English, she studies Spanish.
In case of
~의 경우에
In case of fire, use the stairs.
In front of
~의 앞에
A car parked in front of our house.
In lieu of
~ 대신에
They accepted cash in lieu of goods.
In spite of
~에도 불구하고
In spite of the cold, she went out.
Instead of
~ 대신에
I drank tea instead of coffee.
Next to
~의 옆에
Sit next to me.
On behalf of
~를 대표하여
I speak on behalf of the team.
Out of
~밖으로
He walked out of the room.
Prior to
~에 앞서, 전에
Read the manual prior to assembly.
Thanks to
~ 덕분에
Thanks to your help, I passed the test.
Abaft
~의 뒤쪽에 (항해 용어)
The captain stood abaft the wheelhouse.
Aboard of
~에 탑승하여
Everyone was aboard of the vessel.
Access to
~에의 접근
They have free access to the library.
According as
~에 따라
Pay will vary according as you work.
Adjacent to
~에 인접한
Our office is adjacent to the park.
After the manner of
~의 방식으로
He painted after the manner of Monet.
Ahead
~보다 앞에
Drive straight ahead.
Alight with
~로 빛나는
Her face was alight with joy.
Aliquot of
~의 등분된
Take an aliquot of the chemical solution.
Alongst
~을 따라 (고어)
They traveled alongst the ancient path.
Alternately with
~와 번갈아
Use blue alternately with red.
Ambiguous to
~에게 모호한
The instructions were ambiguous to us.
Amounting to
~에 달하는
Expenses were amounting to a fortune.
Anent
~에 대하여 (격식·고어)
He wrote a letter anent the proposal.
Anti
~에 반대하여 (구어적)
He is totally anti new taxes.
Apest
~의 옆에 (방언)
Sit apest me on the bench.
Applicable to
~에 적용되는
This rule is applicable to all employees.
Approaching
~에 가까워지는
Approaching the station, the train slowed down.
Appropriate to
~에 적절한
Choose words appropriate to the occasion.
As against
~와 대조하여, ~에 비하여
Profits rose as against last year.
As for me
나로 말하자면
As for me, I prefer staying home.
As from
~부로 (날짜·시점)
The price increase takes effect as from Monday.
As of
~부로, ~ 현재
The law is effective as of today.
As per
~에 따라
We shipped the goods as per your request.
As regards
~에 관하여
As regards your inquiry, details are attached.
As to
~에 대하여
There is no doubt as to his honesty.
Attributable to
~에 기인하는
The crash was attributable to bad weather.
Away from
~로부터 멀리
Stay away from the dangerous cliff.
Back of
~의 뒤에 (미국식)
Park your car back of the house.
Based on
~에 기반하여
The movie is based on a true story.
Because of
~ 때문에
We stayed indoors because of the storm.
Befitting
~에 어울리는
He received a punishment befitting the crime.
Begin with
~로 시작하여
Let us begin with a short introduction.
Bent on
~에 열중한, 작정인
She is bent on winning the competition.
Beyond compare
~와 비교할 수 없는
Her beauty is beyond compare.
Bound for
~행의
The train is bound for Busan.
By dint of
~의 힘으로, ~에 의하여
He succeeded by dint of hard work.
By means of
~을 수단으로
He lifted the rock by means of a lever.
By virtue of
~의 덕분에, ~로 인하여
She won by virtue of her experience.
By way of
~을 경유하여, ~로서
They traveled to Paris by way of Rome.
Capabale of
~할 수 있는
He is capable of doing great things.
Careful of
~에 조심하는
Be careful of what you say.
Center on
~을 중심으로 하다
Discussions center on economic growth.
Close by
~의 가까이에
A grocery store is close by the park.
Cognizant of
~을 알고 있는
We are cognizant of the risks involved.
Commencing with
~로 시작하는
The tour starts commencing with a museum visit.
Common to
~에게 공통된
This problem is common to all beginners.
Comparative to
~와 비교되는
Results are comparative to last quarter.
Compatible with
~와 호환되는
This software is compatible with Mac.
Conducive to
~에 도움이 되는
Quietness is conducive to study.
Contrary to
~와 반대로
Contrary to popular belief, bats can see.
Control over
~에 대한 통제
She has full control over her team.
Courtesy of
~의 호의로, ~ 덕분에
The photo was printed courtesy of local press.
Dependent on
~에 의존하는
Plants are dependent on sunlight.
Destined for
~행인, ~할 운명의
The shipment is destined for Europe.
Devoid of
~가 없는
His speech was devoid of emotion.
Different from
~와 다른
My opinion is different from yours.
Due to
~ 때문에
The flight cancellation was due to fog.
Ere
~보다 전에 (고어)
He will arrive ere nightfall.
Exclusive of
~을 제외하고
The fee is $100, exclusive of tax.
Exposed to
~에 노출된
Do not stay exposed to direct sunlight.
Face to
~에 직면한
They stood face to face.
Far from
~는커녕, ~와는 거리가 먼
Far from being rich, he is poor.
Favorable to
~에게 호의적인
Conditions are favorable to growth.
Foreign to
~에게 생소한
Such behavior is foreign to our culture.
Free from
~가 없는, 자유로운
This product is free from artificial colors.
Glance at
~을 힐끗 보다
She took a quick glance at her watch.
Guilty of
~의 죄가 있는
He was found guilty of theft.
Happily for
~ 다행히도
Happily for us, the rain stopped.
Harmful to
~에게 해로운
Smoking is harmful to health.
Held in
~에 개최되는
The summit is held in Seoul.
Identical with
~와 동일한
This jacket is identical with mine.
Impressed by
~에 감명받은
We were impressed by her performance.
In accordance with
~에 따라
We acted in accordance with the rules.
In addition to
~에 더하여
In addition to cash, we accept cards.
In anticipation of
~를 예상하여
They stocked up in anticipation of snow.
In behalf of
~를 위하여
I collected funds in behalf of charity.
In case of
~의 경우에
Call this number in case of emergency.
In charge of
~을 담당하는
She is in charge of marketing.
In comparison with
~와 비교하여
Cars are expensive in comparison with bikes.
In compliance with
~을 준수하여
We operate in compliance with laws.
In connection with
~와 관련하여
He was questioned in connection with the crime.
In consequence of
~의 결과로
He lost his job in consequence of errors.
In contrast to
~와 대조적으로
In contrast to his sister, he is loud.
In default of
~가 없는 경우에
In default of payment, legal action follows.
In defense of
~을 변호하여
He spoke in defense of his client.
In defiance of
~에 대항하여
They acted in defiance of orders.
In excess of
~을 초과하여
Speeding in excess of limits is illegal.
In favor of
~을 지지하여, ~에 유리하게
We voted in favor of the proposal.
In front of
~의 앞에
She parked her car in front of the gate.
In honor of
~을 기념하여, ~에게 경의를 표하여
A banquet was held in honor of guests.
In light of
~을 고려하여
In light of new evidence, he was freed.
In lieu of
~ 대신에
They took vacation days in lieu of pay.
In memory of
~을 추모하여
A statue was built in memory of him.
In need of
~가 필요한
The old house is in need of repair.
In place of
~ 대신에
Use butter in place of oil.
In quest of
~을 찾아
They traveled in quest of gold.
In regard to
~ 관하여
I have no comment in regard to that.
In respect of
~의 점에 있어서
Rules apply equally in respect of all.
Inside of
~의 안에
Stay inside of the house.
Instead of
~ 대신에
I had soup instead of salad.